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Brain & Heart Cerebral ischemia biomarkers

ischemia. The PRS utilizes multiple genetic variants instance, elevated CRP levels were found to be associated
associated with stroke to create a cumulative genetic risk with poor functional outcomes and increased mortality
score. Patients with a higher PRS are more likely to develop in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Similarly, higher
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cerebral ischemia and may be eligible for more aggressive CRP levels have been reported to be associated with an
preventive interventions. 50 increased risk of recurrent ischemic stroke. 61
Genetic biomarkers associated with cerebral ischemia 6.4. Lactate as a biomarker in cerebral ischemia
have the potential to revolutionize stroke management by
enabling personalized risk assessment, prevention, and Lactate is a metabolite produced during anaerobic
treatment strategies. However, further research is required metabolism, indicating a state of cellular hypoxia. During
to validate these findings in larger and more diverse cerebral ischemia, lactate levels may increase as a result
populations and facilitate their translation into routine of impaired energy production. Studies have shown that
clinical practice. lactate levels were significantly higher in patients with
acute ischemic stroke compared to control subjects. In
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6. Physiological biomarkers in cerebral addition, higher lactate levels were positively correlated
ischemia with infarct volume and were associated with poorer
neurological outcomes.
Cerebral ischemia leads to various physiological changes.
The identification of physiological biomarkers for 6.5. Abnormal blood pressure variability (BPV) as a
cerebral ischemia can aid in the diagnosis, prognosis, and biomarker in cerebral ischemia
monitoring of the condition. Nevertheless, further research Abnormal BPV has been identified as a potential marker
is needed to validate and refine the use of these biomarkers for the severity and prognosis of cerebral ischemia.
in clinical practice. Elevated BPV is associated with an increased risk of
stroke, while decreased variability indicates poor cerebral
6.1. Glutamate as a biomarker in cerebral ischemia
autoregulation. 63
Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
that plays a crucial role in normal brain function. However, 7. Neuroinflammatory biomarkers in
during cerebral ischemia, excessive release of glutamate cerebral ischemia
can lead to excitotoxicity, causing neuronal damage. Cerebral ischemia leads to severe neuroinflammation,
Several studies have investigated glutamate as a potential causing neuronal damage and functional impairment. The
biomarker for cerebral ischemia. For example, glutamate identification and understanding of neuroinflammatory
levels were shown to be significantly higher in patients biomarkers associated with cerebral ischemia are crucial
with acute ischemic stroke compared to control subjects. for both diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.
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In addition, higher glutamate levels were associated with
larger infarct sizes and worse neurological outcomes. Neuroinflammation is a complex process involving
the activation of immune cells, such as microglia and
6.2. Nitric oxide (NO) as a biomarker in cerebral astrocytes, in response to cerebral ischemia. These
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ischemia activated cells release various pro-inflammatory mediators,
NO is a signaling molecule involved in various including cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen
physiological processes, including the regulation of species (ROS), which contribute to the deleterious effects
blood vessels. During cerebral ischemia, the production of cerebral ischemia in the brain. 65
of NO is disturbed, contributing to the pathogenesis of The use of neuroinflammatory biomarkers in clinical
ischemic brain damage. Studies have shown that NO practice could enable early intervention and personalized
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concentrations in CSF were significantly higher in patients treatment strategies, leading to improved outcomes for
with acute ischemic stroke compared to controls. A patients with cerebral ischemia.
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positive correlation was also found between NO levels and
the severity of the stroke. 7.1. Cytokines as biomarkers in cerebral ischemia
Cytokines play a crucial role in the initiation and
6.3. C-reactive protein (CRP) as a biomarker in propagation of neuroinflammation in cerebral ischemia.
cerebral ischemia
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1 beta, and
CRP is an acute-phase protein produced by the liver in IL-6 are among the most important pro-inflammatory
response to inflammation. There is increasing evidence that cytokines that play a role in cerebral ischemia. Studies
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CRP can serve as a biomarker for cerebral ischemia. For have demonstrated increased levels of these cytokines

Volume 2 Issue 3 (2024) 9 doi: 10.36922/bh.2750