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Brain & Heart Cerebral ischemia biomarkers

Figure 1. Cerebral ischemia biomarkers presented at different structural levels
Abbreviations: APOE: Apolipoprotein E; ATP5H: ATP synthase subunit; βA: beta-amyloid; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BPV: Blood
pressure variability; cfDNA: Cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid; CRP: C-reactive protein; CT: Computed Tomography; DWI: Diffusion-weighted imaging;
FOXF2: Forkhead box F2; HMGB1: High mobility group box 1 protein; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; MMP-9: Matrix metalloproteinases 9;
MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; MRS: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; NO: Nitric oxide; NSE: Neuron-specific enolase; PET: Positron emission
tomography; PRS: Polygenic risk score; PWI: Perfusion-weighted imaging; RAAS: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; ROS: Reactive oxygen species;
S100B: S100 calcium-binding protein B; sCAMs: Soluble adhesion molecules; SNPs: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor;
VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.

2.3. Positron emission tomography (PET) It can assess response to treatment and provide prognostic
information.
PET imaging is a functional neuroimaging technique
that measures the metabolism of different substances in Neuroimaging biomarkers provide valuable
the brain. It uses radioactive tracers to detect changes information about the structure, function, and metabolism
in glucose metabolism, oxygen consumption, or of cerebral ischemia. These techniques aid in the diagnosis,
neurotransmitter activity. Glucose is the primary energy monitoring, and treatment of cerebral ischemia and
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source for the brain, and an adequate glucose supply improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Continued
is essential for normal brain function. During cerebral advances in neuroimaging technology are expected to
ischemia, the reduced blood flow and oxygen supply lead to further enhance our understanding of cerebral ischemia
a decrease in glucose uptake and utilization by brain cells, and improve patient care in the future.
resulting in a state of energy depletion known as cerebral Although neuroimaging biomarkers have made
metabolic distress. Monitoring glucose levels in brain significant contributions to the management of cerebral
tissue or blood may provide valuable information about ischemia, challenges remain. These challenges include
the severity and progression of cerebral ischemia. Studies the limited availability of advanced imaging techniques,
have shown that changes in glucose metabolism measured discrepancies in standardization between institutions, and
using PET or blood glucose levels serve as biomarkers of the need for further validation of newer biomarkers.
cerebral ischemia and can help assess the effectiveness of
interventions to restore normal brain function. PET scans 3. Application of omics data as biomarkers
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are particularly useful in the diagnosis and management of in cerebral ischemia
conditions such as cerebral ischemia. Omics data, encompassing genomics, transcriptomics,
PET also allows the assessment of the ischemic proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics, have
penumbra and the detection of secondary injury cascades. emerged as valuable tools for understanding the
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Volume 2 Issue 3 (2024) 3 doi: 10.36922/bh.2750