Page 78 - EJMO-9-1

Eurasian Journal of Medicine and
Oncology
Microbial profile of peri-implantitis

and attractive substance, enriched with numerous peri-implantitis in the future. However, further studies are
immunological and inflammatory markers. In peri- required, as there is a limited number of available studies.
implant studies, not only has saliva been selected as a
source of biomarkers, but peri-implant sulcular fluid has 15. The impact of failure on future success
also been studied, showing promising results. A systematic In general, regardless of the reasons behind dental implant
review found that the matrix metalloproteinases and failures, the bone remaining after implant failure is
proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6, tumor typically weak and reduced in almost all cases, therefore
necrosis factor, and interleukin-1β) were elevated in peri- jeopardizing the likelihood of success. However, hope
implantitis. 87 remains, as the survival rate of a second dental implant has
been estimated at approximately 67.1% in sites with two
13. Antibiotics previous failures, and this percentage rises up to 89% in
The problem arises not only when bacteria win the race but cases with a single prior failure. 95
also when they maintain this victory for an extended period. In addition, it has been found that the microbiota of
This occurs when the bacteria overcome all modalities that the remaining sockets has little effect on the survival rates
threaten their success. One of the most significant threats of second dental implants. 96,97 In contrast, another study
to bacterial survival is the use of antibiotics; however, indicated that the removal of granulation tissue and the
this weapon is often weakened by the bacteria in certain reduction of bacterial load in the socket could increase the
instances. It has been shown that approximately 71.7% of survival rate of the second dental implant. 98
peri-implant pathogens are resistant to several antibiotics,
including amoxicillin, metronidazole, doxycycline, and Further studies are needed to confirm the long-term
clindamycin. 88 success of second dental implants and to address the
existing uncertainty. However, failure can sometimes serve
Antibiotics have been incorporated into implant surfaces as the first step toward success, as failed implants can be
in an attempt to reduce or prevent peri-implant diseases. As replaced with successful ones after a long-term interval.
a result, a long list of different types of antibiotics has been
tested in several studies, including tetracycline, rifampicin, 16. Conclusion
vancomycin, amoxicillin, and gentamicin. 89-92
Despite the obvious similarities between the microflora
For example, the inhibition of E. coli, S. aureus, and of implants and natural teeth, it remains controversial
P. aeruginosa can be achieved using gentamicin coating and premature to determine whether peri-implantitis and
89
for dental implants. In the same context, prevention periodontitis share exactly the same microbial profile.
of osteomyelitis and enhancement of osseointegration
as a secondary benefit of this antibiotic have also been Acknowledgments
observed. 89 The authors would like to thank College of Dentistry,

14. Probiotics University of Babylon for the help and cooperation.
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, Funding
which can be applied to the microorganisms associated None.
with peri-implantitis, which act like a double-edged sword.
Probiotics represent this reaction and the other edge of the Conflict of interest
sword, as they can be used as a treatment modality for peri- The authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest
implantitis. It has been shown that Lactobacillus reuteri from this study.
exhibits an inhibitory effect on S. aureus, P. intermedia,
and P. gingivalis isolated from dental implants with peri- Author contributions
implantitis. 93
Conceptualization: Sura Dakhil Jassim
Vacca et al. found that probiotics can specifically target Funding acquisition: Anfal Ihsan Jasim
94
Streptococcus salivarius. This bacterium has the ability Investigation: Sura Dakhil Jassim
to inhibit S. intermedius and disrupt cell-cell signaling Writing – original draft: Sura Dakhil Jassim
(quorum sensing) in the biofilm formed on the surface of Writing – review & editing: All authors
titanium implants. 94
Ethics approval and consent to participate
These previously mentioned benefits of probiotics
could be applied to the treatment or even prevention of Not applicable.

Volume 9 Issue 1 (2025) 70 doi: 10.36922/ejmo.6770