Page 95 - GHES-3-1

Global Health Economics and
Sustainability
Institutional delivery within rural Myanmar

Table 2. Factors associated with institutional delivery in bivariate analysis
Characteristics Total (n=500) number (%) Institutional delivery number (%) Crude OR (95% CI) p‑value
Age (years) 0.0002
<25 years 125 (25.0) 32 (25.6) 1
25 – 35 years 241 (48.2) 108 (44.8) 2.36 (1.47 – 3.80)
>35 years 134 (26.8) 38 (28.4) 1.15 (0.66 – 1.19)
Level of education <0.001
Primary or below 361 (72.2) 90 (24.9) 1
Secondary or higher 139 (27.8) 88 (63.3) 5.2 (3.42 – 7.9)
Types of occupation <0.001
Dependent or odd jobs 372 (74.4) 109 (29.3) 1
Own a business or income-generating job 128 (25.6) 69 (53.9) 2.82 (1.87 – 4.27)
Husband’s educational attainment <0.001
Primary or below 319 (63.8) 79 (24.8) 1
Secondary or higher 181 (36.2) 99 (54.7) 3.67 (2.49 – 5.4)
Types of husband’s occupation <0.001
Odd jobs/manual worker 288 (57.6) 57 (19.8) 1
Own a business or income-generating job 212 (42.4) 121 (57.8) 5.39 (3.62 – 8.02)
Per capita income (MMK)* <0.001
<50,000 304 (60.8) 72 (23.7) 1
≥50,000 196 (39.2) 106 (54.1) 3.8 (2.58 – 5.58)
Accessibility <0.001
Could easily access 422 (84.4) 165 (39.1) 1
Could not easily access 78 (15.6) 13 (16.7) 0.31 (0.17 – 0.58)
Woman’s autonomy <0.001
Present 244 (48.8) 141 (57.8) 1
Absent 256 (51.2) 37 (14.5) 0.12 (0.08 – 0.19)
Birth order 0.022
Second and above 262 (52.4) 81 (30.9) 1
First 238 (47.6) 97 (40.8) 1.54 (1.06 – 2.22)
Awareness of high-risk pregnancy 0.001
No 480 (96.0) 163 (34.0) 1
Yes 20 (4.0) 15 (75.0) 5.83 (2.08 – 16.34)
Source of health information <0.001
Non-skilled provider 266 (53.2) 41 (15.4) 1
Skilled provider 234 (46.8) 137 (58.6) 7.75 (5.08 – 11.82)
Birth preparedness <0.001
Yes 179 (35.8) 125 (69.8) 1
No 321 (64.2) 53 (16.5) 0.09 (0.06 – 0.13)
Complete antenatal uptake <0.001
Not received 238 (47.6) 22 (9.2) 1
Received 262 (52.4) 156 (59.5) 14.45 (8.74 – 23.9)
Notes: *MMK: Myanmar Kyats (exchange rate at the time of data collection; 1 USD=1,350 MMK).
Abbreviations: OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Volume 3 Issue 1 (2025) 87 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.3954