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Global Translational Medicine

REVIEW ARTICLE
Electrical stimulation: Biological insights and

therapeutic applications

Aakarshi Gupta 1,2 , Praveen Mallari 2 , Tracy Taulier 2 , and Mohammad
Amjad Kamal 3,4,5 *

1 Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir,
India
2 Department of Research and Development, Academy of Bioelectric Meridian Massage Australia,
Queensland, Australia
3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
4 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Daffodil International University,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
5 Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of
Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract

Electrical stimulation (ES) has emerged as a versatile modality in biomedical
research, primarily due to its ability to modulate cellular activities across the
cell membrane. As a barrier to electrical signals, the cell membrane plays a
crucial role in healing, tissue regeneration, and cancer treatment. This review
highlights the cellular processes involved in ES, focusing on the changes within
*Corresponding author: and across the membrane, including effects on proteins, ions, and signaling
Mohammad Amjad Kamal
(hrd@abmma.com.au) pathways. ES regulates membrane potential and ion flow, such as calcium and
sodium ions, which are essential for intercellular signaling and cell survival. In
Citation: Gupta A, Mallari P,
Taulier T, Kamal MA. Electrical addition, ES facilitates electroporation, enhancing membrane permeability to
stimulation: Biological insights and allow controlled drug and gene delivery. It also modulates receptor sensitivity
therapeutic applications. Global and cellular signaling efficiency by altering the lipid bilayer configuration and
Transl Med. 2025;4(3):22-35.
doi: 10.36922/gtm.7774 protein conformation. The applications of ES are extensive, including its use in
wound healing, nerve regeneration, and as an adjunct to cancer treatments.
Received: December 16, 2024 Bioelectric Meridian Therapy, a new approach, employs ES for pain control, tissue
Revised: March 26, 2025 repair stimulation, and energy flow regulation. Nevertheless, ES faces limitations
Accepted: May 6, 2025 such as heterogeneity in cellular responses, challenges in determining optimal
stimulus parameters, and concerns regarding long-term safety. To address
Published online: June 4, 2025 these issues, there is a need for real-time adaptive systems and personalized
Copyright: © 2025 Author(s). ES protocols to achieve safety and efficacy in all therapeutic settings. A deeper
This is an Open Access article understanding of ES–cell membrane interactions can improve the current
distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution therapeutic paradigm and enhance the effectiveness of ES- based treatments.
License, permitting distribution, Further research is necessary to establish patient-specific ES parameters and
and reproduction in any medium, integrate them into the precision medicine frameworks, minimizing side effects
provided the original work is
properly cited. and improving treatment outcomes.
Publisher’s Note: AccScience
Publishing remains neutral with Keywords: Neuromodulation; Electroceutical; Bioelectric therapy; Membrane dynamics;
regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional Electrical field applications
affiliations.

Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025) 22 doi: 10.36922/gtm.7774