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19 INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences, 2022, Vol. 5, No. 2 Govender and Hodkinson

Table 4. Positive anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody results in patients with no evidence of
anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis

Gender Age Ethnicity MPO PR3 Guideline Indication description Clinical information
indication
M 47 African Pos Neg Yes GN HIV, AKI due to hypertension
nephrosclerosis
F 48 African Pos Neg Yes GN HIV, HIVAN
F 43 African Pos Neg No Hepatitis HIV, confirmed DILI
F 33 Mixed Neg Pos No Hepatomegaly and HIV, HIV seroconversion
lymphadenopathy
M 47 Mixed Neg Pos No Cholangitis HIV, syphilis, confirmed liver
abscesses
F 44 African Pos Pos Yes Palpable purpura HIV, biopsy- cutaneous lupus
M 35 African Neg Pos Yes GN TB, AKI, and macroscopic
haematuria
F 38 African Pos neg No AKI HIV, disseminated TB
F 30 African Pos Neg Yes PN HIV, TB
M 39 African Pos Neg No Valve heart disease HIV, TB, epilepsy
F 57 Mixed Neg Pos No Seizures HPT, syphilis
F 80 Mixed Pos Neg No ILD RA, HPT, hyperthyroidism
M 38 Caucasian Pos Neg No Hepatitis AIH
F 55 African Pos Neg No Unclear SLE
M 67 Mixed Pos Neg Yes GN HPT, biopsy- diffuse
glomerulosclerosis
F 69 Mixed Pos Neg Yes GN HPT, DM, asthma, biopsy-
MCGN, and ATN
M 47 African Pos Neg No AKI -
F 62 Mixed Pos Neg Yes PN HPT, ILD
F 68 Mixed Pos Neg No Myelopathy HPT
F 73 Mixed Pos Neg No ILD HPT, DM
F 54 Mixed Pos Neg No Poorly controlled HPT, asthma
asthma
M 29 African Pos Pos No Uveitis -
M 66 Mixed Neg Pos Yes Scleritis HPT
M 41 Asian Neg Pos No Amblyopia -
F 48 Mixed Neg Pos No Raynaud’s Breast cancer in remission
phenomenon
F 38 African Pos Neg No POF -
Abbreviations; AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis. AKI: Acute kidney injury, ATN: Acute tubular necrosis, DILI: Drug-induced liver injury,
DM: Diabetes mellitus, F: Female, GN: Glomerulonephritis, HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus, HIVAN: HIV associated nephropathy,
HPT: Hypertension, ILD: Interstitial lung disease, LN: Lupus nephritis, M: Male, MCGN: Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis,
MPO: Anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies, Neg: Negative, PN: Peripheral neuropathy, POF: Premature ovarian failure, Pos: Positive,
PR3: Anti-proteinase 3 antibodies, RA: Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus, TB: Tuberculosis.

test plays an important role as a screening tool. and lowers the test sensitivity and PPV. Similar
However, our study revealed that only a quarter of studies conducted elsewhere reported that 33.4%
ANCA tests conducted had indications that met the and 50.0% of ANCA tests were performed within
1999 international consensus statement guidelines. guideline indications [9,10]. Implementing gating
This indiscriminate use of ANCA testing is costly policies to restrict ANCA testing has proven

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