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INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences Precision medicine and beyond in oncology

model that uses genomic profile and xenograft model data for AI as a tool to be more patient-specific with improved
from pre-clinical and biomedical studies to predict clinical clinical outcomes. We also believe that AI will eventually
outcomes of drug combinations for cancer patients with be incorporated into medical practices. However, we
comorbid conditions such as type II diabetes. Although would like to acknowledge significant challenges, such
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this particular tool is in its early stages of development, as logistical challenges to digital pathology, data quality
innovations such as PINNED, MADRIGAL, and AlphaFold concerns, risk of bias, ethical implications, and potential
are indicative of AI’s potential in pharmaceutical research. compromise to patient trust. The current advancement of
AI in medicine accompanies a worrying lack of legislative
5.3. AI in clinical practice framework, making it susceptible to breaches of patient
Some studies have explored the idea of using AI to inform rights. Therefore, rash adoption of powerful technology
clinical decision-making. A recent study from China is like building a new story on a foundation of quicksand,
assessed the impact of an AI-based clinical decision which will lead to an ultimate collapse. We are optimistic
support system on the treatment of breast cancer patients. that with careful planning and thoughtful implementation,
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A group of physicians was asked to provide treatment AI can be incorporated in a way that truly benefits patients
recommendations for an average of 198 patients before while minimizing unintentional harm.
and after viewing individualized AI-generated treatment
plans. Researchers found that adherence to National Acknowledgments
Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines increased The authors acknowledge the Biorender.com website used
slightly (0.5%; p=0.003) after the implementation of AI to create Figures 1 and 2.
support for the treatment of patients with stages I–III
breast cancer. 147 Funding
Clinicians can also use AI-based knowledge graphing None.
and summary tools to stay updated on the most recent
developments in cancer treatment. Chandak et al. Conflict of interest
148
presented an AI-based multimodal knowledge graph, The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
PrimeKG, which synthesized data from 20 primary
databases to map relationships between the proteins, Author contributions
genes, phenotypes, and risk factors associated with over Conceptualization: Linwei Li
17,000 diseases, including cancers. PrimeKG’s integrative Visualization: Anjali Binoy, Sriya Gullapalli
148
network also describes indications, contraindications, and Writing – original draft: Linwei Li, Annu Karithara, Angel
off-label uses of drugs used to treat these diseases. 148
Phillip, Jennifer Escamilla, Anika Doppalapudi,
Several large language model AI tools capable of Christine Pham
generating human-like text are in development for clinical Writing – review & editing: Lois Baldado, Kaitlyn Ybanez,
applications. However, this particular area of AI research is Daniela Ramos, David Sta. Maria, Arjun Bellamkonda,
still in its infancy and requires further investigation before Amin Ibrahim, Hugo Zamarron, Daniela Gonzalez,
large language model tools can be integrated into clinical Shizue Mito, Linwei Li
workflows. 145
Ethics approval and consent to participate
6. Conclusion
Not applicable.
This review discussed the potential of precision medicine
in the field of oncology. The review has explored first-line Consent for publication
targeted therapies and immunotherapies that have been Not applicable.
well-established in the current standard care. Furthermore,
the review discussed current targeted therapies in HCC, Availability of data
CRC, and PDAC and various trials of different targeted
therapies and immunotherapies to achieve a more Not applicable.
efficacious regimen. Finally, this review has examined References
the emerging avenues in the field of precision medicine
in cancer diagnosis, drug development, and clinical 1. König IR, Fuchs O, Hansen G, von Mutius E, Kopp MV. What
practice. We chose to discuss the possibility of including is precision medicine? Eur Respir J. 2017;50(4):1700391.
AI in our review, as we have seen the immense potential doi: 10.1183/13993003.00391-2017

Volume 8 Issue 3 (2025) 50 doi: 10.36922/ITPS025140018