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     Journal of Chinese
            Architecture and Urbanism                                         Geographical and architectural imaginations
            physical and social spaces, creating a different assemblage   Anonymity. (1960  September 11). Xinsheng de Jineiya Zai
            of social relations in spaces of engagement with a different   Shengli Qianjin. [The Newly Independent Guinea Marching
            geometry of power,  set  of  knowledge  and politics  of   Victoriously].  Renmin Ribao  [People’s  Daily].  [Article  in
            representation (Robertson, 2006). For one thing, they   Chinese]
            experimented with modernist ideas of flowing spaces   Anonymity. (1970). Zhongguo Sudan Youhao Guanxi de Xin
            and abstract formal languages, while highlighting the   Jieduan [A New Stage of Friendly Relations between China
            appropriateness of adapting to and articulating local   and Sudan]. Renmin Huabao, 10, 9-11. [Article in Chinese]
            specificities. The two assembly buildings, as instruments of   Chang, J.H. (2016). A Genealogy of Tropical Architecture: Colonial
            diplomacy, not only served as China’s exports of materials   Networks, Nature, and Technoscience. New York: Routledge.
            and expertise to recipient nations, but also embodied   Chen, D. (1962). Feizhou redai jianzhu jieshao [Introduction
            how Chinese professionals learned from local cultures   of tropical architecture in Africa].  Jianzhu Xuebao
            and techniques. For another, these institutional spaces   [Architectural Journal], 10, 15-20. [Article in Chinese]
            compensated for the lack of proper venues for national
            and  international  activities,  symbolizing  Guinean  and   Chen, D. (1987). Dui woguo jianzhushi suozuo guowai huitang
            Sudanese political independence. The People’s Palace   sheji de jidian kanfa [Several views on the design of foreign
                                                                  assembly halls by Chinese architects]. Shijie Jianzhu [World
            and Friendship Hall formulated alternative political   Architecture], 2, 10-12.
            identities, imaginations, and representations, standing in
            sharp contrast to the colonial period’s conditions of racial   Chen, D. (1989). Redai Jianzhu [Tropical Architecture]. Beijing:
            discrimination and segregation. Both projects represented   China Architecture and Building Press.
            Chinese intervention into the international political order,   Chen, Z. (1964). Katumu zhixing [A trip to Khartoum]. Shijie
            imaging, and constructing the possibility of alternatives   Zhishi [World Affairs], 4(5), 22-23. [Article in Chinese]
            and conveying a sense of political emancipation.   Corner, J. (2014). The Landscape Imagination: Collected Essays of
                                                                  James Corner 1990-2010. J. Corner and A. B. Hirsch. (eds.).
            Acknowledgments                                       New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
            This paper forms part of an ongoing research project   Dijk, V., & Pieter, M. (2009). The Political Impact of the Chinese
            with Charlie Xue on the theme of China’s architectural   in Sudan. In: M. Pieter and V. Dijk (Eds.). The New Presence
            aid in the Global South. I am indebted to him for many   of China in Africa. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University
            helpful communications. I am grateful to the Editors and   Press, p. 141-156.
            two anonymous referees for their helpful comments and   Ding, G., & Xue, C.Q. (2022). Traveling ideas: Appropriation and
            to Karina Hasnulina for her help in sourcing the image.   identity in the China-Sri Lanka architecture exchanges. In
            Thanks go to Ye Liu for discussion on tropical architecture,   C.Q. Xue and G. Ding. (eds.). Exporting Chinese Architecture:
            to Suha Babikir Hasan for providing valuable information   History, Issue and “One Belt and One Road”.  Singapore:
            on Sudan, and to Mohieldin Gamal for inviting me to   Springer, p. 83-113.
            present the material at the Inaugural Conference for   Ding, G., Xue, C.Q. (2015). China’s architectural aid: Exporting
            Docomomo Sudan, 2022.                                 a transformational modernism.  Habitat International, 47,
                                                                  136-147.
            Funding
                                                                  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.01.019
            None.
                                                               Dong, Z. (1963). Yindunixiya jianzhu jieshao [Introduction to
            Conflict of interest                                  Indonesian Architecture],  Jianzhu  Xuebao [Architectural
                                                                  Journal], 5, 22-26, 37-38. [Article in Chinese]
            None.
                                                               Driver, F., & Martins, L. (Eds.) (2005). Tropical Visions in an Age of
            Author contributions                                  Empire. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
                                                               Fangyi  zhuan bianxiezu,  (2008).  Fang Yi Zhuan  [Biography  of
            This is a single-authored paper.
                                                                  Fang Yi]. Beijing: People’s Press.
            References                                         Fangyi zhuan bianxiezu, Zhongguo jingmao huabaoshe, (Eds.)
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            Ali, A.A. (1976). The Sudan and the People’s Republic of China:
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               Records, 57, 50-71.                                Conakry]. Shijie Zhishi [World Affairs], 17, 18-20. [Article
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            Volume 5 Issue 1 (2023)                         17                        https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.200
     	
