Page 10 - JCBP-2-4

Journal of Clinical and
Basic Psychosomatics FND and gut microbiome

Table 2. SCFAs and their corresponding bacterial although their content may differ according to the
producers 48‑50 bacterial species and the growth conditions. BEVs play
a pivotal role in bacterial adaptation, communication,
SCFAs Bacterial phyla Bacterial genera and virulence, but recent evidence also suggests a
Acetate (C2) Actinomycetota Bifidobacterium pathophysiological role of BEVs in the interactions
Bacillota Acetobacterium involving bacteria among themselves and bacteria with
Blautia their host. 67,68 Moreover, BEVs have been shown to activate
Clostridium
Eubacterium innate immune cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages,
Ruminococcus and microglia, as well as adaptive immune T and B cells
Streptococcus in distant organs at the time BEVs are administered into
Thermoanaerobacter the systemic circulation, in addition to propagating
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Bacteroidota Bacteroides inflammation in CNS tissues. Once in the brain, BEVs
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Prevotella possess the ability to directly alter neurological function
71
Verrucomicrobiota Akkermansia and induce pathological variations. Activation of
Propionate (C3) Actinomycetota Propionibacterium astrocytes and microglia by virulence factors such as LPS,
Bacillota Anaerostipes PG, and proteins provided by BEVs induces the release of
Coprococcus inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. 72
Dialister
Eubacterium The gut microbiome can also alter the cytokines through
Faecalibacterium the microbial metabolites by commanding the dynamics of
Megasphaera pro- and anti-inflammatory T cells. This leads to changes
Phascolarctobacterium in TLR signaling, to the induction and proliferation
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Roseburia of Treg cells and TH17 cells, and to the dampening of
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Veillonella 75
Bacteroidota Bacteroides intestinal epithelial cell responses. The proposed role
of the microbiome in regulating inflammatory cytokine
Pseudomonadota Salmonella concentrations makes the microbiome a critical factor in
Butyrate (C4) Bacillota Acidaminococcus dictating the dynamics related to the immune response.
Anaerostipes
Clostridium 5. Conclusion
Coprococcus
Eubacterium Psychosomatic medicine studies the interactions of
Faecalibacterium biological, psychological, and social factors that regulate
Peptostreptococcus the balance between health and disease, emphasizing
Roseburia the holistic nature of human health and recognizing
Fusobacteriota Fusobacterium that cognitive and emotional states can significantly
Abbreviation: SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids. influence physical outcomes and vice versa. This illustrates
the complex yet close interaction between mind and
response to LPS, LTA, and PG. Neurons in certain brain body, which is notably modulated by different intrinsic
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areas, such as the cerebellum, hippocampus, and prefrontal mechanisms, such as the autonomic nervous system, the
cortex, express elevated levels of PG recognition protein 2 HPA, and the immune responses. Moreover, the interplay
(PGLYRP2), which enables them to identify and discern between genetic predispositions and environmental
muropeptides emanating from both Gram-positive and stressors is a critical aspect that offers insights into
Gram-negative bacteria. PGLYRP2 connects to the personalized approaches to prevention and treatment.
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bacterial cell wall to cleave the stem peptide, leading to the For instance, individuals with genetic vulnerability to
generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, certain mental health conditions may suffer exacerbated
interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor). 65 symptoms when exposed to major life stressors. This
understanding has led to the development of interventions
Interestingly, there is an alternative direct that address both biological and psychosocial constituents,
communication network between bacteria and their host such as cognitive-behavioral therapy combined with
that involves the liberation of bacterial-derived functional pharmacological treatment and lifestyle modifications.
molecules through BEVs. The BEVs (exosomes and In this regard, the progress in neuroimaging and
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microvesicles) are enriched in lipids, nucleic acids, psychophysiological assessments (e.g., functional
metabolites, proteins, and virulence factors, and they magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission
are released by both pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria, tomography scans) have allowed researchers to observe

Volume 2 Issue 4 (2024) 4 doi: 10.36922/jcbp.4160