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3. Results
3.1. Mobile LIST implementation.
We implemented our mobile LIST printer using a modified version of our latest LIST
configuration, which employs continuous ink perfusion through a square glass capillary (500 µm
28
× 500 µm) with a 200 µm circular opening . Our key modification involves replacing the free-
space optics with a fiber delivery system (Figure 1), as detailed in the Materials and Methods
section. The working principle of the printer remains identical to previous LIST implementations
26-28,34,35 where the interaction of a pulsed laser (pulse duration: 6 ns, wavelength: 532 nm) with
the ink within the glass capillary generates an expanding bubble that propels a microjet from the
capillary opening (Figure 1a). The microjet eventually detaches from the opening, resulting in the
deposition of a nanodroplet onto a receiving substrate. The fiber, connecting tubing, and glass
capillary were assembled using a 3D-printed holder. The resulting mobile printing head was
attached to a robotic arm as an end-effector (Figure 1b).
Figure 1. a) Schematic overview of the mobile laser-induced side transfer (LIST) printing head
implementation. The inset shows a high-speed camera image capturing a bubble at the upper part
of the capillary, below the fiber–capillary contact point, and a microjet exiting the fiber opening.
b) Photograph of the mobile LIST printing head mounted on a robotic arm as an end-effector.
3.2. Influence of printing head-to-target distance on printing quality
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