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For instance, the click chemic-based all-peptide hydrogel platform proposed by Jianan
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Rend et al. as mentioned in the click chemical crosslinking section, which was

constructed through a one-step photo-curing reaction, has high-precision 3D printing
capabilities, and is loaded with human umbilical vein endothelial cells

(HUVECsvegf165+) that overexpress VEGF 165. Thus, the self-continuous release of

growth factors can be achieved. This hydrogel not only promotes cell adhesion and

migration through the RGDS sequence, but also significantly enhances angiogenesis

through the continuous secretion of VEGF 165. Meanwhile, it alleviates endothelial

cell damage induced by high glucose by inhibiting BaX-mediated mitochondrial

membrane perforation, thereby reducing oxidative stress and inflammation levels. Not

only that, this material demonstrates excellent biocompatibility and degradability both

in vivo and in vitro, and can achieve personalized shape adaptation through DLP

printing technology, meeting the needs of different wound morphologies.

Summary and Prospect

The repair of diabetic chronic wound was a major challenge in clinical medicine,

and its complex pathological microenvironment put forward multi-dimensional
functional requirements for treatment strategies. With its precise structure control

achieved through CAD and additive manufacturing technology, combined with good

biocompatibility and dynamic microenvironment regulation ability, 3D printed

hydrogels have shown significant advantages in diabetic wound repair. The current

study, however, still faced a single function module, dynamic response mechanism was

imperfect and some challenges of the clinical translation. The long-term

biocompatibility and potential immunogenicity of synthetic polymers and crosslinking

agents have not been deeply studied. Sterilization methods such as gamma radiation or

ethylene oxide may change the structure and biological activity of hydrogels. The high

cost of bioinks and professional 3D printers may hinder their wide adoption. Future

research should focus on developing multifunctional and synergistic intelligent 3D

printed hydrogel systems to deeply integrate treatment strategies from the three stages

of infection control, inflammation regulation, and tissue remodeling. In addition, 3D

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