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Arts & Communication

ARTICLE
Copyright protection for AI-generated

works: A comparative review of international
and Vietnamese laws

Phan Quoc Nguyen* and Nguyen Dao Hung Quang

Department of Civil Law, University of Law, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly driving significant advancements in
technology and business, impacting a wide range of industries and nearly every
aspect of creativity. The growth of AI is fueled by the availability of vast amounts of
training data and advancements in affordable, high-performance computing. Since
its inception, AI and its outstanding development have produced countless works
across various genres and fields, achieving remarkable feats and unlocking vast
potential for further exploitation. This phenomenon raises the question of authorship
and whether protection mechanisms should be established for AI-generated
works. Granting copyright protection to AI-generated works would challenge
*Corresponding author: long-established notions of copyright, which have traditionally been reserved
Phan Quoc Nguyen for human creations. This paper reviews the legal approaches and perspectives of
(pqnguyen@vnu.edu.vn) leading AI-driven countries, offering an overview of the challenges associated with
Citation: Nguyen PQ, Quang granting protection for AI-generated works. Moreover, the paper examines Vietnam’s
NDH. Copyright protection international commitments and analyzes the potential for supporting AI-generated
for AI-generated works: A
comparative review of international works within its legal framework. Based on this analysis, the paper proposes potential
and Vietnamese laws. Arts & solutions to improve legal rules for copyright protection of AI-generated creations.
Communication. 2025;3(2):3745.
doi: 10.36922/ac.3745
Received: May 23, 2024 Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Copyright; Intellectual property rights; Vietnam
1st revised: July 3, 2024
2nd revised: September 11, 2024
Accepted: September 14, 2024 1. Introduction
Since its inception, artificial intelligence (AI) has undergone remarkable development,
Published online: January 24,
2025 producing countless works across various genres and fields of life. These works range
from art, such as (i) the 2016 computer-generated artwork The Next Rembrandt created
Copyright: © 2025 Author(s). This
1
is an Open-Access article in the Netherlands, and (ii) The AI Love Song, developed by Nguyen Hoang Bao Dai,
distributed under the terms an information technology engineer from Vietnam, which was composed by AI at
of the Creative Commons
AttributionNoncommercial License, a rate of 10 melodies per second, to technological innovations that, on release, have
permitting all non-commercial use, caused a sensation in the market and even significantly influenced perceptions of the
distribution, and reproduction in “human work/element” in creation. A prime example of this is the ChatGPT software
any medium, provided the original
work is properly cited. application developed by OpenAI. For the first time in human history, AI has performed
tasks traditionally reserved for humans, producing outputs that are astonishing even to
Publisher’s Note: AccScience
Publishing remains neutral with experts.
regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional Given these remarkable achievements and the limitless potential for future
affiliations. exploitation, AI-generated works have the capability to reshape the world in the

Volume 3 Issue 2 (2025) 1 doi: 10.36922/ac.3745