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Artificial Intelligence in Health                                 AI in ocular drug discovery and development



            and analytical capabilities with these novel therapeutic   Consent for publication
            approaches, researchers can accelerate the development of
            personalized medicine strategies for ophthalmic diseases.  Not applicable.

              Moreover, AI is set to play a crucial role in overcoming   Availability of data
            the  challenges  associated with the  clinical trial  phase of   Not applicable.
            drug development.  By predicting patient responses to
                           13
            potential treatments  and identifying the  most  suitable   References
            candidates for participation in trials, AI can streamline the   1.   Wang N, Zhang Y, Wang W, et al. How can machine learning
            process of participant recruitment. This would, in turn,   and multiscale modeling benefit ocular drug development?
            lead to faster, more cost-effective trials that also enable   Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2023;196:114772.
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            earlier, reducing the probability of unforeseen adverse      doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114772
            reactions and late-stage trial failures. 13        2.   Paul D, Sanap G, Shenoy S, Kalyane D, Kalia K, Tekade RK.
                                                                  Artificial intelligence in drug discovery and development.
            6. Conclusion                                         Drug Discov Today. 2021;26(1):80-93.
            The integration of AI into ophthalmic drug discovery      doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.10.010
            and development  represents  a paradigm  shift,  offering   3.   Pun FW, Ozerov IV, Zhavoronkov A. AI-powered therapeutic
            novel approaches to longstanding challenges in this field.   target discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2023;44(9):561-572.
            Using AI in target identification, compound screening,      doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.06.010
            and predictive toxicology, we are on the brink of making
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            The successful applications and case studies discussed   Machine-learning methods for ligand-protein molecular
            underscore AI’s potential to enhance drug delivery    docking. Drug Discov Today. 2022;27(1):151-164.
            systems, refine disease management, and expedite drug      doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.007
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            Nonetheless, the continued evolution of AI technologies,      doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00316
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                                                                  machine learning in early detection of adverse drug
            will redefine our approach to treating ophthalmic diseases,   reactions (ADRs) and drug-induced toxicity.  Artif Intell
            ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life.  Chem. 2023;1(2):100011.

            Acknowledgments                                       doi: 10.1016/j.aichem.2023.100011
            None.                                              7.   Hsueh HT, Chou RT, Rai U, et al. Machine learning-driven
                                                                  multifunctional peptide engineering for sustained ocular
            Funding                                               drug delivery. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):2509.
            None.                                                 doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38056-w
                                                               8.   Remtulla  R,  Das  SK,  Levin  LA.  Predicting  absorption-
            Conflict of interest                                  distribution properties of neuroprotective phosphine-
            The authors declare that they have no competing interests.  borane compounds using in  silico modeling and machine
                                                                  learning. Molecules. 2021;26(9):2505.
            Author contributions                                  doi: 10.3390/molecules26092505
            Conceptualization: Michael Balas                   9.   Li Z, Wang L, Wu X,  et al. Artificial intelligence in
            Writing – original draft: Siddharth Gandhi            ophthalmology: The path to the real-world clinic. Cell Rep
            Writing – review & editing: All authors               Med. 2023;4(7):101095.
                                                                  doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101095
            Ethics approval and consent to participate
                                                               10.  Jia Z, Chen J, Xu X,  et al. The importance of resource
            Not applicable.                                       awareness in artificial intelligence for healthcare. Nat Mach


            Volume 1 Issue 3 (2024)                         29                               doi: 10.36922/aih.3341
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