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Artificial Intelligence in Health ChatGPT in visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis

Table 2. List of the five differential diagnoses generated by ChatGPT‑4 on March 31, 2024 for the visceral leishmaniasis clinical
vignettes
Case Diagnoses
1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th
01 Visceral leishmaniasis Opportunistic infections Systemic lupus erythematosus Tuberculosis Gastrointestinal infection
02 HIV infection Tuberculosis Chagas disease Visceral leishmaniasis Leukemia or lymphoma
03 Opportunistic infections Lymphoma Tuberculosis Viral hepatitis Chagas disease
04 Endocarditis Chronic liver disease Tuberculosis Lymphoma HIV infection
05 Visceral leishmaniasis Tuberculosis Lymphoma Chagas disease Typhoid fever
06 Visceral leishmaniasis Chagas disease Schistosomiasis Tuberculosis Lymphoma
07 Tuberculosis Visceral leishmaniasis Viral hepatitis Chagas disease Lymphoma
08 Visceral leishmaniasis Viral hepatitis Chagas disease Cirrhosis Lymphoma
Abbreviation: HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.

A B

Figure 1. Rates of correct diagnoses of viral leishmaniasis (VL) generated by ChatGPT/GPT-4 for each clinical vignette. (A) Shows the generated results as
Yes or No for the diagnosis of VL in the list of five differential diagnoses. (B) Shows the position of the generated diagnosis of VL between the first and fifth
In a different context, Biswas explored the potential also demonstrates their significant potential in specialized
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of ChatGPT in radiology and found that the AI could help medical fields, including neurology, infectious diseases,
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generate accurate and consistent radiology reports. This and clinical scenarios. Our findings and the literature
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corroborates our findings that AI chatbots can provide suggest that AI chatbots have the potential to expand
valuable diagnostic assistance in various medical fields. beyond the diagnosis of common medical conditions and
In addition, Cheng et al. explored the potential of chat- into more niche areas of medicine. This suggests that they
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GPT/GPT-4 in sports medicine, highlighting its role in could be useful in a wide range of healthcare settings,
diagnostic imaging and exercise prescription. This further thereby expanding the potential utility of AI chatbots
underscores the broad applicability of AI in medical beyond general practice. 15,24,25 They could also assist
diagnostics. healthcare professionals in effectively diagnosing a wide
The present study focuses on the diagnosis of VL, a range of diseases. 15,24-26
tropical neglected disease that presents unique diagnostic The results of this study demonstrate the potential of
challenges. The high accuracy rates observed indicate that ChatGPT/GPT-4 as a valuable AI-assisted diagnostic tool
AI chatbots, such as ChatGPT/GPT-4, are not only capable for the diagnosis of VL. By providing accurate differential
of handling common medical conditions but also excel diagnoses, ChatGPT/GPT-4 can assist physicians,
in the diagnosis of more specialized and less common especially in resource-limited settings where expert
diseases. Other research conducted on AI-based chatbots opinion and laboratory testing may not be readily available.

Volume 1 Issue 4 (2024) 102 doi: 10.36922/aih.3930