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Robotic pool cleaning for better hygiene

Table 1. (Continued)
Authors Invention Technology Impact Merits Demerits Future
used enhancement
Cao et al. 21 Intelligent Autonomous Effective in High-resolution Limited to Improved
USV for system for shallow water measurements, shallow waters; adaptability
water quality monitoring environments, adaptive to potential to diverse
monitoring turbidity, autonomous coastal habitats navigation issues environments,
solids, and pH monitoring in complex expanded
environments parameter
monitoring
Kong et al. 22 Smart Image Efficiently Effective trash Limited in Integrating
water waste module, detects and detection with adaptability to AI for
scrubbing robot motion scrubs floating YOLOv3; diverse trash distinguishing
system control, waste from capable of types and sizes different types of
YOLOv3 for water surfaces real-time image waste
trash detection processing
Ruangpayoongsak Floating Floating robot Efficient for Simple design, Limited Adaptability to
et al. 23 garbage with trash collecting effective for to specific handle a broader
scooper robot collection specific types small trash trash types, range of waste
capabilities of waste such not capable types
as plastic of handling
bottles submerged waste
Cryer et al. 24 ASV for Sensors for Extends Comprehensive Limited by Enhanced
coastal habitat conductivity, time-based and water quality proximity and sensor durability
monitoring temperature, space-based analysis in sensor durability and expanded
nitrate, etc. water quality coastal habitats coverage area
monitoring
Abbreviations: AI: Artificial intelligence; ASV: Autonomous surface vehicle; ML: Machine learning; PLC: Programmable logic
controller; VFH: Vector field histogram; USV: Unmanned surface vehicle.

PLC to manage various control functions. This system Future enhancements could focus on expanding its use
automates the treatment process, significantly reducing for broader environmental monitoring and improving
the need for human labor in potentially hazardous obstacle avoidance to enhance operational efficiency
conditions. It is both cost-effective and efficient, and range. Ferri et al. developed an ASV equipped
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offering substantial safety benefits by minimizing with miniaturized sensors for measuring hydrocarbon
human exposure to risks. However, there is still room and heavy metal concentrations in water. This ASV
for improvement in terms of automation and efficiency. employs a VFH combined with machine learning for
Future enhancements could include the integration collision avoidance, enabling it to navigate effectively
of AI for real-time monitoring and control, which while collecting environmental data. The system’s
would further optimize the system’s performance and compact size and collision avoidance capabilities are
responsiveness. key advantages. However, the ASV may be limited
Li et al. designed a Water Color Isolated in harsh environmental conditions that would require
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Perception-Oriented USV equipped with autonomous frequent sensor maintenance. Future enhancements
navigation and data collection modules, which is could include the integration of advanced machine
capable of self-governing path searching, measuring learning algorithms to improve collision prediction and
water quality, monitoring weather conditions, and further enhance navigation accuracy.
being remotely controlled. Its multifunctional design Madeo et al. developed a Water Environmental
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provides robust capabilities for comprehensive water Mobile Observer, a USV equipped with sensors that
monitoring. However, the system may face limitations measure various parameters, including salinity, oxygen,
in the coverage area due to constraints related to battery and pH levels. This USV is designed to monitor
life and the capabilities of the data collection modules. a range of environmental factors in water bodies,

Volume 22 Issue 2 (2025) 23 doi: 10.36922/ajwep.6564