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Advanced Neurology

REVIEW ARTICLE
Inflammation in ischemic stroke patients

with type 2 diabetes – Part I: Atherosclerosis
formation, acute ischemia, post-stroke infection,

and long-term sequelae

1
2,3
4
2,3
Liqun Zhang * , Ying Chen , Jingxian Xu , Christopher P. Corpe ,
Anan Shtaya , Philip Benjamin , and Yun Xu 2,3,7,8,9
6
5
1 Department of Neurology, St George’s University Hospital, London, United Kingdom
2 Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School,
Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
3 Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University,
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
4 Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Courses and Population Sciences, King’s
College London, London, United Kingdom
5 Head of Neuroscience at Arab Hospitals Group, Ramallah, Palestine
6 Department of Neuroradiology, St George’s University Hospital, London, United Kingdom
7 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing,
Jiangsu, China
8 Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing, Jingasu, China
9 Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing, Jinagsu, China
Part II of this review can be (This article belongs to Special Issue: Advances in stroke research and therapy)
accessed at doi: 10.36922/an.1694
*Corresponding author:
Liqun Zhang
(liqun.zhang@stgeorges.nhs.uk) Abstract
Citation: Zhang L, Chen Y, Xu J, Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the second leading cause of death
et al. Inflammation in ischemic worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is a critical independent cardiovascular risk factor in
stroke patients with type 2 diabetes
– Part I: Atherosclerosis formation, patients, irrespective of age, smoking, and hypertension. Approximately one-third of
acute ischemia, post-stroke first-time ischemic stroke patients have diabetes. Inflammation is among the most
infection, and long-term sequelae. important pathological mechanisms in atheroma formation, the damage cascades
Adv Neuro. 2024;3(2):1683.
doi: 10.36922/an.1683 of the acute phase, as well as during the subacute and chronic phases after stroke.
Diabetes, as a common risk factor for stroke, is often present for a long time before a
Received: August 26, 2023
stroke occurs, causing low-grade inflammation, and disrupting the proper functioning
Accepted: February 27, 2024 of the neurovascular units. These proinflammatory processes and maladaptive immune
Published Online: June 4, 2024 mechanisms are further accelerated after cerebral ischemia and worsen the stroke
outcome in diabetic patients. Clinical treatments for ischemic stroke are currently
Copyright: © 2024 Author(s).
This is an open-access article focused on restoring cerebral blood flow (reperfusion) in the acute phase, including
distributed under the terms of the thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, which are not applicable to patients
Creative Commons Attribution that fall outside of the treatment window and/or without large-vessel occlusion. There
License, permitting distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, which are few approved treatments targeting cellular injury caused by inflammation. There
provided that the original work is are even fewer data on effective treatment for diabetic stroke targeting inflammation.
properly cited. This paper presents the first part of a review focusing on the temporospatial aspects of
Publisher’s Note: AccScience inflammation in ischemic stroke pathophysiology in stroke patients with type 2 diabetes.
Publishing remains neutral with
regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional Keywords: Stroke; Diabetes; Inflammation; Immune; Pathophysiology; Therapeutics
affiliations.

Volume 3 Issue 2 (2024) 1 doi: 10.36922/an.1683