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Advanced Neurology Improving cognitive development in Down syndrome

relations underlying sentence structures, increasing this basis, cognitive behavioral programs will be able to
children’s consciousness of the respective positions of the operate efficiently, helping to transform the negative image
words and mutual relationships in phrases and sentences, of persons with DS for the better, favoring a fuller social
and drawing attention to nominal, pronominal, and verbal acceptance, and contributing to reduce the abortion rates
inflections. 52 of these innocent and lovely babies.

Artificial intelligence can be of help. Many children The main point on which one has insisted in this paper
with DS are able to learn to read at least to some extent. is that a holistic approach associating biomedical and
53
A personal computer equipped with adequate programs behavioral strategies from prenatal stages onto childhood
can assist morphosyntactic remediation even in DS and adolescence offers the best chance for bringing the
children with limited reading ability. Animated computer cognitive phenotype of the individuals with DS as close as
screens with pointing mechanisms can be used for visually possible to normality.
demonstrating meaning relations between sequences of
words. In the same way, computer programs displaying Acknowledgments
arrows, colors, or other pedagogical devices can assist None.
children to identify syntactic patterns in sentences,
including between non-adjacent units and discontinuous Funding
constituents, as well as to illustrate the grammatically
authorized displacements of constituents in sentences. None.
54
The relationships between the words in phrases and
sentences that need to be identified to comply with the Conflict of interest
requirements of grammatical morphology, can also be The author declares no conflicts of interest.
illustrated on the screen. Dual afferentation with combined
visual and auditory information is useful for maintaining Author contributions
children’s attention and foster learning. This is a single-authored article.
Meta-analyses show that intervention programs are
efficient in improving speech, lexical, and morphosyntactic Ethics approval and consent to participate
abilities in children with DS. 55,56 Table A1 supplies a Not applicable.
summary of the prospects for cognitive improvement in
Down syndrome as discussed in the paper. Consent for publication
6. Conclusion Not applicable.

Promising results in chromosome correction and gene Availability of data
regulation have been obtained in vitro and with mouse
models of DS. The question of their applicability to human Not applicable.
individuals is open. To be complete, the repression of References
a supernumerary Hsa21 must be implemented early in
embryonic life. This is not authorized in humans nor is it 1. Bull M. Down syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2344-
practical at the present point. New research findings point 2352.
toward the possibility of epigenetic corrections beyond doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1706537
the first stages of embryonic development but it remains 2. Hughes-McCormack L, McGowan R, Pell J, et al. Birth
to be seen how the corrected cells would behave in a full incidence, deaths and hospitalisations of children and young
organism. people with Down syndrome, 1990-2015: Birth cohort study.
No biological therapy initiated after the first embryonic Brit Med J Open. 2019;10:e033770.
days could completely cure the trisomic condition. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033770
Moreover, there is only little time available for a confirmed 3. Aim A, Kumar A, Multhuswamy S, et al. Down syndrome:
diagnosis between syngamy and the end of the totipotent An insight of the disease. J Biomed Sci. 2015;22:41-50.
and multipotent stem cells. However, future genetic and
epigenetic interventions later in prenatal development doi: 10.1186/s12929-015-0138-y
and efficient brain pharmacotherapy in late prenatal and 4. Sun X, Lu J, Ma X. An efficient method for noninvasive
early postnatal times may help constructing a more robust prenatal diagnosis of fetal. Risomy 13, trisomy 18, and
neurophysiological apparatus in children with DS. On trisomy 21. PLoS One. 2019;14:1.

Volume 4 Issue 1 (2025) 6 doi: 10.36922/an.3785