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Gene & Protein in Disease Review of CAR-T in ADs

universal CARs, such as uniCAR T and CAR NK cells, and Funding
streamlining production procedures. The development of
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CAR-T cells that can be rapidly mass-produced, such as This work was supported by projects of the Basic Research
FasTCAR and TCharge systems, can also reduce treatment Fund of the Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmacological
time and costs. Specifically, the TCharge method has Sciences (grant numbers: 2022BP0116 and 2023BP0201),
been developed for the rapid expansion of CAR-T cells Henan Province Scientific and Technological Research
in vivo. The application of this method reduces the ex vivo grants (grant numbers: 232102310408 and 232102311196),
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expansion time of CAR-T cells and significantly shortens a special project of scientific research for creating “Double
the preparation time, enabling rapid attainment of the First-Class” traditional Chinese medicine (grant number:
desired therapeutic effect. Furthermore, non-integrative HSRP-DFCTCM-2023-1-27), and Shaanxi Province
and non-viral microcarrier systems, known as DNA Basic Research Fund of Henan Institute of Medical and
nanocarriers, can reproduce chromosomes in the nuclei of Pharmacological Sciences Key Research and Development
dividing cells, enabling the efficient creation of modified Plan (grant number: 2021ZDLSF02-01).
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human T cells. This technique was originally developed Conflict of interest
for CAR-T cell therapy and has recently emerged as a
dependable, safe, and efficient way to produce modified The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
T cells, thereby reducing the overall cost of CAR-T cell
therapy. 101,102 Author contributions

5. Conclusion Conceptualization: Feng Gao, Yongliang Jia
Writing – original draft: Xiaoxiao Yu, Haodong Shang,
Although the application of CAR-T cell therapy in cancer Xinru Shen, Jing Zhang, Ting Chang, Zhe Ruan
treatment has been extensively studied and the preliminary Writing – review & editing: Xiaoxiao Yu, Haodong Shang,
therapeutic effects of this treatment strategy in ADs have Xinru Shen, Jing Zhang, Ting Chang, Zhe Ruan
been shown, extensive high-quality clinical trials involving
large sample sizes and longer treatment durations are Ethics approval and consent to participate
lacking. Thus, there remains a need for long-term studies Not applicable.
to assess both the efficacy and safety of this treatment
strategy. Current clinical trials of CAR-T therapy in ADs Consent for publication
have mainly extended from clinical trials conducted
in cancer treatments. These trials primarily focused on Not applicable.
universal targets such as CD19, CD20, BCMA, and BAFF Data availability
on B cells, resulting in general immunosuppressive action
and associated side effects. However, many ADs are caused The data supporting this systematic review were derived
by autoantibodies targeting their antigens. Therefore, from previously reported studies, which were collected
CAR-T cell therapies targeting AD-specific antigens from the PubMed database and had been cited. The
offer more defined therapeutic efficacy and demonstrate processed data are available from the corresponding
higher safety profiles. For instance, CAART therapies author upon request.
used in PV and MG introduce antigens into CARs and
specifically target B cells secreting autoantibodies without References
affecting normal B cells or the overall B cell population, 1. Theofilopoulos AN, Kono DH, Baccala R. The multiple
providing enhanced specificity and targeting. Similarly, pathways to autoimmunity. Nat Immunol. 2017;18(7):716-724.
based on the regulatory role of Tregs, CAR-Treg therapies doi: 10.1038/ni.3731
represent a promising immunomodulatory approach for
AD treatment. These therapies not only alleviate clinical 2. Anaya JM, Gómez L, Castiblanco J. Is there a common
symptoms but also exhibit lower cytotoxicity, offering genetic basis for autoimmune diseases? Clin Dev Immunol.
significant potential for the management of ADs. Overall, 2006;13(2-4):185-195.
there remains ample scope for further research into the doi: 10.1080/17402520600876762
development and application of CAR-T cell therapy in the 3. Cooper GS, Bynum ML, Somers EC. Recent insights in
treatment of ADs. the epidemiology of autoimmune diseases: Improved
prevalence estimates and understanding of clustering of
Acknowledgements diseases. J Autoimmun. 2009;33(3-4):197-207.
None.

Volume 3 Issue 2 (2024) 10 doi: 10.36922/gpd.2851