Page 68 - GPD-4-2
P. 68
Gene & Protein in Disease X chromosome in sex-biased autoimmunity
doi: 10.1038/s41581-023-00720-1 doi: 10.1196/annals.1386.043
2. Wang L, Wang FS, Gershwin ME. Human autoimmune 13. Hoffmann JP, Liu JA, Seddu K, Klein SL. Sex hormone
diseases: A comprehensive update. J Intern Med. signaling and regulation of immune function. Immunity.
2015;278(4):369-395. 2023;56(11):2472-2491.
doi: 10.1111/joim.12395 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.10.008
3. Scherlinger M, Mertz P, Sagez F, et al. Worldwide trends in all- 14. Ross MT, Grafham DV, Coffey AJ, et al. The DNA sequence of
cause mortality of auto-immune systemic diseases between the human X chromosome. Nature. 2005;434(7031):325-337.
2001 and 2014. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(6):102531. doi: 10.1038/nature03440
doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102531 15. Bianchi I, Lleo A, Gershwin ME, Invernizzi P. The X
4. Roberts MH, Erdei E. Comparative United States chromosome and immune associated genes. J Autoimmun.
autoimmune disease rates for 2010-2016 by sex, geographic 2012;38(2-3):J187-J192.
region, and race. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(1):102423. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.11.012
doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102423 16. Libert C, Dejager L, Pinheiro I. The X chromosome in
5. Miller FW. The increasing prevalence of autoimmunity and immune functions: When a chromosome makes the
autoimmune diseases: An urgent call to action for improved difference. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10(8):594-604.
understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Curr doi: 10.1038/nri2815
Opin Immunol. 2023;80:102266.
17. Scofield RH, Bruner GR, Namjou B, et al. Klinefelter’s
doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102266 syndrome (47,XXY) in male systemic lupus erythematosus
6. Spolarics Z. The X-files of inflammation: Cellular mosaicism patients: Support for the notion of a gene-dose effect from
of X-linked polymorphic genes and the female advantage the X chromosome. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(8):2511-2517.
in the host response to injury and infection. Shock. doi: 10.1002/art.23701
2007;27(6):597-604.
18. Liu K, Kurien BT, Zimmerman SL, et al. X chromosome dose
doi: 10.1097/SHK.0b013e31802e40bd and sex bias in autoimmune diseases: Increased prevalence
7. Thompson DJ, Gezon HM, Rogers KD, Yee RB, Hatch TF. of 47,XXX in Systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren’s
Excess risk of staphylococcal infection and disease in syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(5):1290-1300.
newborn males. Am J Epidemiol. 1966;84(2):314-328. doi: 10.1002/art.39560
doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120645 19. Bhattacharya S, Sadhukhan D, Saraswathy R. Role of sex in
8. Purtilo DT, Sullivan JL. Immunological bases for superior immune response and epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetics
survival of females. Am J Dis Child. 1979;133(12):1251-1253. Chromatin. 2024;17(1):1.
doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1979.02130120043008 doi: 10.1186/s13072-024-00525-x
9. Izmirly PM, Parton H, Wang L, et al. Prevalence of systemic 20. Feng Z, Liao M, Zhang L. Sex differences in disease: Sex
lupus erythematosus in the United States: Estimates from chromosome and immunity. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):1150.
a meta-analysis of the centers for disease control and doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05990-2
prevention national lupus registries. Arthritis Rheumatol.
2021;73(6):991-996. 21. Lee JT, Bartolomei MS. X-inactivation, imprinting,
and long noncoding RNAs in health and disease. Cell.
doi: 10.1002/art.41632 2013;152(6):1308-1323.
10. Ragusa F, Fallahi P, Elia G, et al. Hashimotos’ thyroiditis: doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.016
Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic and therapy. Best Pract
Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;33(6):101367. 22. Lyon MF. Gene action in the X-chromosome of the mouse
(Mus musculus L.). Nature. 1961;190:372-373.
doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2019.101367
doi: 10.1038/190372a0
11. Nalbandian G, Kovats S. Understanding sex biases in
immunity: Effects of estrogen on the differentiation 23. Lyon MF. Sex chromatin and gene action in the mammalian
and function of antigen-presenting cells. Immunol Res. X-chromosome. Am J Hum Genet. 1962;14(2):135-148.
2005;31(2):91-106. 24. Jegu T, Aeby E, Lee JT. The X chromosome in space. Nat Rev
doi: 10.1385/IR:31:2:091 Genet. 2017;18(6):377-389.
doi: 10.1038/nrg.2017.17
12. Cutolo M, Capellino S, Sulli A, et al. Estrogens and
autoimmune diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1089:538-547. 25. Zito A, Davies MN, Tsai PC, et al. Heritability of skewed
Volume 4 Issue 2 (2025) 8 doi: 10.36922/gpd.8321

