Page 53 - GTM-2-3
P. 53

Global Translational Medicine                                           Deep learning by NMR-biochemical



            absolute concentrations may indicate actual spectral   Availability of data
            metabolic screening of inborn errors of metabolism, EEG
            neurophysiological properties in brain diseases, and cancer   Not applicable.
            compared with test phantoms for quality assessment of   References
            clinical spectroscopy. New approaches using  C,  F,  Li,
                                                 13
                                                    19
                                                        7
            and  B spectroscopic imaging may be useful.        1.   Sharma R, 1995, Studies on NMR Relaxation Times
               11
                                                                  and  NMR‑Biochemical  Correlation  in  Medicine.  Ph.  D
            8. Conclusion                                         Dissertation  Submitted  to  AIIMS/Indian  Institute  of
                                                                  Technology, New Delhi.
            With minimum computation time, a DL approach is    2.   Mountford CE, Doran SJ, Lean CL, et al., 2004, Proton MRS
            emerging with new hopes to utilize multimodal MRSI    can determine the pathology of human cancers with a high
            maps with concentrations, diffusion, perfusion, and   level of accuracy. Chem Rev, 104: 3677–3704.
            flow MRI fingerprints combined with dynamic PET, CT,      https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030410g
            SPECT, and optic molecular imaging common platform
            screening modality. The segmentation, registration,   3.   Boada FE, Christensen JD, Huang‑Hellinger FR, et al., 1994,
            and artificial intelligence further define disease courses   Quantitative  in vivo tissue sodium concentration maps:
            and their clinical value jointly acceptable by scientists   The effects of biexponential relaxation.  Magn Reson Med,
                                                                  32: 219–213.
            and clinician radiologists. Present opinion displays
            a  common  ground  for  the  above.  Government  and      https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1910320210
            academic  clinical  trials  are  quiet  on  this  issue  due  to   4.   Tkac  I,  Gruetter  R,  2005,  Methodology  of  1H  NMR
            insufficient evidence.                                spectroscopy of the human brain at very high magnetic
                                                                  fields. Appl Magn Reson, 27: 139–157.
            Acknowledgments                                       https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03166960
            I would like to acknowledge the recommendation of a   5.   Geppert  C,  Dreher  W,  Leibfritz  D,  2003,  PRESS‑based
            plastic surgery research scholar fellowship in SMMH   proton single-voxel spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging
            Government Medical College, Saharanpur, India, and the   with very short echo times using asymmetric RF pulses.
            mentorship of Professor Aria Tzika, from Surgery NMR   MAGMA, 16: 144–148.
            laboratory at Shriners Children Hospital, Massachusetts      https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-003-0016-6
            General  Hospital,  Harvard  Medical  School,  Boston  MA.
            I  also  acknowledge  Drs  PK  Sharma,  Arun  Agarwala,   6.   Seeger  U,  Klose  U,  Mader  I,  et al., 2003, Parameterized
                                                                  evaluation  of  macromolecules  and  lipids  in  proton  MR
            NMR Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,   spectroscopy of brain diseases. Magn Reson Med, 49: 19–28.
            New  Delhi to provide ideas in NMR-biochemical
            correlation  as  radioimaging  modality  with  artificial      https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.10332
            intelligence application in the present time.      7.   Kanowski M, Kaufmann J, Braun J, et al., 2004, Quantitation
                                                                  of simulated short echo time 1H human brain spectra by
            Funding                                               LCModel and AMARES. Magn Reson Med, 51: 904–912.
            None.                                                 https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.20063
                                                               8.   Sharma R, 2002, Serial amino-neurochemicals analysis in
            Conflict of interest                                  progressive lesion analysis of multiple sclerosis by magnetic
            The authors declare no conflict of interest.          resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance
                                                                  spectroscopic imaging. Magn Reson Med Sci, 1: 169–173.
            Author contributions                               9.   Grutter R, Rothman DL, Novotny EJ, et al., 1992, Detection
            Conceptualization: Rakesh Sharma                      and assignment of glucose signal in 1H NMR difference
            Writing – original draft: Rakesh Sharma               spectra of human brain. Magn Reson Med, 27: 183–188.
            Writing – review & drafting: Arvind Trivedi           https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1910270118
                                                               10.  Rothman  DL,  Hanstock  CC,  Petroff  OA,  et al.,  1992,
            Ethics approval and consent to participate            Localized 1H NMR spectra of glutamate in human brain.
            Not applicable.                                       Magn Reson Med, 25: 94–106.
                                                                  https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1910250110
            Consent for publication
                                                               11.  Portais JC, Pianet J, Allard M,  et al., 1991, Magnetic
            Not applicable.                                       resonance spectroscopy and mretabolism. Applications


            Volume 2 Issue 3 (2023)                         21                        https://doi.org/10.36922/gtm.337
   48   49   50   51   52   53   54   55   56   57   58