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Global Translational Medicine Phytonanotherapy in cancer and diabetes care

Table 2. Summary of the preparation method of phytosynthesized gold and silver NPs utilized for cancer and diabetes treatment
Materials needed Medicinal plant extract, Gold or silver salt (AuCl or AgNO ), Reducing agent from plant extract, Stabilizing agent (optional)
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Procedure
Plant extract 1. Gather and thoroughly clean medicinal plant parts.
preparation 2. Finely grind or crush the plant material.
3. Construct an aqueous extract.
4. To aid extraction, heat or stir.
5. Strain and filter the extract to produce a clear extract.
NP synthesis 1. Make a solution of gold or silver salt in distilled water.
2. Stir in the plant extract gradually to the salt solution.
3. Keep an eye on the color changes (red/yellow for gold, brown/yellow for silver). Allow the reaction to continue at room
temperature.
Characterization 1. Use UV-visible spectroscopy, DLS, and TEM to characterize NPs.
and stabilization 2. If necessary, add a stabilizing agent.
Purification and 1. Separate the NPs by centrifugation.
concentration 2. Separate the NPs from the supernatant.
3. Use distilled water to clean the NPs.
Storage Purified NPs should be stored in a suitable solution.
Abbreviations: DLS: Dynamic light scattering; NP: Nanoparticles; TEM: Transmission electron microscopy; UV: Ultraviolet.

Figure 2. The preparation of phytosynthesized gold and silver NPs. Figure created using Biorender.com.
Abbreviations: AgNO : Silver nitrate; AuCl : Gold chloride; DLS: Dynamic light scattering; NP: Nanoparticles; UV: Ultraviolet.
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4.1.3. Reducing agent 4.2. The procedure
A moderate and biocompatible reducing agent is frequently 4.2.1. Plant extract preparation
included in the chosen plant extract. Plant chemicals such The necessary medicinal plant parts (leaves, stems, or
as flavonoids, polyphenols, and terpenoids can act as roots) are collected and thoroughly washed and dried.
reducing agents. To make a fine powder, the plant material is ground or
4.1.4. Stabilizing agent (optional) crushed. The plant powder is then mixed with distilled
water or an organic solvent (e.g., ethanol) to make an
A stabilizing agent such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or aqueous extract. To promote phytochemical extraction,
polyethylene glycol (PEG) is optionally employed to avoid the mixture is gently heated or stirred. To achieve a clear
aggregation and improve stability. 21-23 solution, the extract is then strained and filtered. 24

Volume 4 Issue 1 (2025) 20 doi: 10.36922/gtm.5840