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Global Translational Medicine Phytonanotherapy in cancer and diabetes care

Table 5. Recent developments in the field of green NPs for diabetic treatment
Development Description
Plant-derived green NPs Phytochemicals from medicinal plants are used to create green NPs for diabetic therapy. These NPs may include antidiabetic
drugs or have intrinsic glucose-lowering effects.
Enhanced bioavailability Green NPs increase the bioavailability of weakly water-soluble antidiabetic phytochemicals, ensuring that a greater proportion
of the therapeutic molecules reach the bloodstream for improved efficacy.
Targeted drug delivery Green NPs have been functionalized for targeted drug delivery to specific diabetes tissues or cells, decreasing off-target
effects and increasing the therapeutic effectiveness of antidiabetic medicines.
Biocompatibility and Biocompatible green NPs show lower toxicity than synthetic medication carriers, making them safer for long-term usage in
safety diabetes control.
Synergistic combinations Combining various antidiabetic phytochemicals within green NPs maximizes synergistic effects to target numerous diabetes
pathways for complete therapy.
Multitarget action Green NPs are designed to influence numerous biological pathways connected to diabetes, including insulin sensitivity,
inflammation reduction, and pancreatic beta cell protection.
Personalized medicine Based on phytochemical composition, the vast spectrum of medicinal plants and their bioactive components enables
personalized antidiabetic therapy customized to individual patient needs.
Eco-friendly approach Green NP synthesis adheres to environmentally friendly concepts, decreasing the environmental impact of standard chemical
synthesis procedures and increasing sustainability.
Reduced risk of drug Combining different phytochemicals into green NPs may help lessen the potential of drug resistance, which is a significant
resistance concern in some synthetic antidiabetic drugs.
Clinical research and Pre-clinical and clinical research is being conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of green NPs for diabetes treatment, with
trials several therapies moving to human trials in diabetic patients.
Biosafety and regulatory Efforts are taken to analyze the biosafety and regulatory aspects of green NPs, assuring their compliance with clinical usage
considerations in diabetes treatment safety and quality criteria.
Abbreviation: NP: Nanoparticle.

Table 6. Advantages and disadvantages of green algae‑derived NPs
Advantages Disadvantages
Environmentally friendly Limited scalability
• Use algae that is renewable and sustainable. • May not fulfill high‑demand specifications.
• Difficulties in scaling up production for huge volumes.
• Minimize the environmental impact of NP production.
Biocompatibility Variable composition
• Generally biocompatible, making it useful for biomedical applications. • Lower risk of negative reactions in biological systems.
• Composition varies depending on algal species, resulting in inconsistency. • Standardization can be difficult.
Low toxicity Complexity of formulation
• Non‑toxic components are frequently used in synthesis methods. • It can be difficult to ensure reproducibility and quality control.
• Creating stable and effective formulas can be difficult.
• Reduce health risks to researchers and consumers.
Customization Regulatory hurdles
• Adapted to individual uses by modifying algae species and growth conditions. • ‑Gaining regulatory approval for innovative therapies can be
difficult.
• Application versatility, including drug administration and therapy. • Adherence to high regulatory norms is critical.
Abbreviation: NP: Nanoparticle.
steered to tumor areas by functionalizing them with but also decreases the drug’s exposure to healthy tissues,
specific ligands or antibodies that recognize cancer cell reducing the often debilitating side effects associated with
surface antigens. Once there, the NPs slowly and steadily conventional chemotherapy.
release the chemotherapeutic medicines or therapeutic
substances. This tailored drug delivery method not only Green NPs generated from algae represent a viable
improves the treatment’s efficiency against cancer cells, avenue for improving the precision and efficiency of cancer

Volume 4 Issue 1 (2025) 25 doi: 10.36922/gtm.5840