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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D-printed biodegradable metals for bone regeneration

Figure 1. Illustration of the application of 3D-printed biodegradable metallic materials. Screws, bolts, plates, and wires can be used for fractures and bone
nonunion; scaffolds can be used to treat trauma-induced bone defects, bone tumors, infection-induced bone defects, and cartilage defects; low-modulus
bone substitution materials can be used for maxillofacial surgeries; and a full range of implants can be used to treat osteoporotic fractures.

peptide (CGRP) to promote osteogenesis through the signaling in macrophages and an increase in the number
CGRP–FAK–VEGF signaling pathway and improve the of osteoclast-like cells and slows bone production by
calcium-to-phosphorus ratio and mechanical properties inhibiting hydroxyapatite precipitation. 34
of regenerated bone. 23,30 Animal experiments have Zinc is another bone component; zinc deficiency
demonstrated that magnesium ions can also promote bone can lead to slow bone growth and anemia, and zinc
formation and angiogenesis by promoting the secretion of supplementation can prevent osteoporosis. 35,36 Zrt and
platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) from mouse Irt-like proteins (ZIPs) and zinc transporters (ZnTs)
31
embryonic osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3-E1). encoded by the metal transporter proteins SLC39A and
In addition, magnesium ions can upregulate the SLC30A are present in the human body, and the zinc
expression of the transforming receptor potential cation homeostasis mediated by these transporters plays an
channel subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7), forming an important regulatory role in bone homeostasis. 37,38 Zinc
immune microenvironment favorable for osteogenesis. activates Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and
Magnesium ions also exhibit synergistic effects with its downstream target gene Osterix. Runx2 is the earliest
36
low-dose bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) to osteogenic differentiation determinant and effectively
promote osteogenesis. 32,33 However, prolonged exposure promotes osteogenesis, whereas Osterix not only plays
to magnesium ions leads to overactivation of NF-κB an important role in intramembranous bone formation

Volume 10 Issue 3 (2024) 40 doi: 10.36922/ijb.2460