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Garcia-Garcia L A, et al.

‘Cartilage Regeneration’ (30 occurrences). In APY organs. ‘Skeletal Muscle’ and ‘Bone Construct’
2016, the number of keywords was scarce and keywords predominated for the APY 2011, in the following APY
related to techniques were not present; the most frequent (2012) ‘Graft’ leaded and ‘Heart’ and ‘Lung’ were
keywords for cell sources and tissue/organs were res- present too. Moreover, ‘Organ’ leaded for the APY 2013,
pectively ‘Adipose Derived Stem Cells’ (ADSC) (21 ‘Liver’ for the APY 2014, ‘Neural Tissue Engineering’
occurrences) and ‘Organoids’ (29 occurrences). for the APY 2015, and ‘Organoids’ for the APY 2016. In
particular, an increased number of studies of organoids
4. conclusions are expected because these are small self-organized 3D
This study tracked knowledge production in bioprinting structures derived from stem cells that can reproduce the
[32]
from 2000 to 2017 through scientometric analyses of the functionality of organs .
most complete scientific databases, namely, Scopus and The results of this study present insights into the main
Web of Science, as part of a CTI methodology. trends of scientific published research. These can be
A keyword network map analysis was applied to valuable to people involved in R&D activities in the 3D
visualise the co-occurrence of terminology associated bioprinting field.
with 3D bioprinting and to identify the most frequent Conflict of Interest
keywords in scientific publications. Additionally, the
APY was obtained for each keyword to show its usage No conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
in recent years. These approaches offered insights into
the most commonly used materials, biological elements, References
applications, and methods in bioprinting.
From APY 2011 to 2016, the papers analysed showed 1. Ventola C L, 2014, Medical applications for 3D printing:
that the most frequently occurring keywords for ma- Current and projected uses. P T, 39(10): 704–711.
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polylactic acid (PLA) in APY 2014, mesenchymal stem PMC4189697
cells (MSC) in APY 2013 and 2014, and bone tissue
engineering and bone regeneration respectively in APY 2. Banks J, 2013, Adding value in additive manufacturing.
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most frequent keywords were ‘Treatment’ and ‘Bioink’. 3. Paterson A M, Bibb R, Campbell R I, et al., 2015,
The papers analysed reflected research on cancer, Comparing additive manufacturing technologies for
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keyword and application of multicellular spheroid
deposition and the use of hydrogels like GelMA for the http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-10-2013-0099
latter keyword. 4. Tan X, Kok Y, Tan Y J , et al., 2015, Graded microstructure
In the last three years (2015–2017, i.e., APY 2016), and mechanical properties of additive manufactured Ti-6Al-
studies focused on bioinks, organoids, adipose tissue- 4V via electron beam melting. Acta Materialia, 97: 1–16.
derived stem cells (ADSC), and cell spheroids for http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.06.036
fabricating complex tissues [9,30] . It should be noted that
spheroids have great potential in bioprinting because a 5. Kolesky D B, Truby R L, Gladman A S, et al., 2014, 3D
spherical shape enhances cell aggregation and promotes bioprinting of vascularized, heterogeneous cell-laden tissue
cell-to-cell contact . constructs. Adv Mater, 26(19): 3124–3130. http://dx.doi.
[30]
Results of the research trends obtained for bioprinting org/10.1002/adma.201305506
techniques, cell sources, and tissue/organs (APY 6. Murphy S V, Atala A, 2014, 3D bioprinting of tissues and
2011–2016) exhibited that for techniques inkjet organs. Nat Biotechnol, 32(8): 773–785. http://dx.doi.
printing prevailed (APY 2012–2014). Considering the
cell sources, two trends were identified, the first one org/10.1038/nbt.2958
where different types of stem cells are used including 7. Derby B, 2012, Printing and prototyping of tissue and
‘Mesenchymal Stem Cell’ (MSC; APY 2012–2014), scaffolds. Science, 16(338): 921–927. http://dx.doi.
‘Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells’ org/10.1126/science.1226340
(BMSC) and ‘Human Bone Marrow Derived 8. Pati F, Jang J, Ha D H, et al., 2014, Printing three-
Mesenchymal Stem Cell’ (HBMSC). The second
trend shows that ‘Human Adipose Stem Cell’ (HASC; dimensional tissue analogues with decellularized
APY 2015–2016) is applied. On the other hand, it was extracellular matrix bioink. Nat Commun, 5: 1–11. http://
observed an increasing effort to study fully functional dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4935

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