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Bioethical and legal issues in 3D bioprinting
           transplantation. The problem of ethical evaluation   References
           and legal regulation of 3D bioprinting are that this
           technology cannot be thoroughly evaluated using     1.   Pereira FD, Parfenov V, Khesuani YD, et al., 2018, Commercial
           standard clinical trials or taking into account the     3D Bioprinters. In: 3D Printing and Biofabrication. Springer
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           procedures and the end products obtained by 3D      5.   Zopf DA, Hollister SJ, Nelson ME, et al., 2013, Bioresorbable
           bioprinting taking into account the human rights        Airway Splint Created with a  Three-Dimensional  Printer.
           and dignity. Furthermore, it is of great importance     N Engl J Med, 368:2043–2045. DOI: 10.1056/nejmc1206319.
           to establish committees for creation and regulation   6.   Grigoryan  B,  Paulsen  SJ, Corbett  DC,  et  al.,  2019,
           of national guidelines  on technical,  legal,  and      Multivascular  Networks  and  Functional  Intravascular
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           patients including minors and incapable  people     7.   Crowley  C,  Birchall  M, Seifalian  AM, 2015,  Trachea
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           limits  of  commercialization  for  3D bioprinting      DOI: 10.1002/term.1847.
           technologies  of human organs and tissues, as       8.   Zhong C, Xie HY, Zhou L, et al., 2016, Human Hepatocytes
           well as possible sanctions for illegal trafficking of   Loaded in 3D Bioprinting Generate Mini-liver. Hepatobiliary
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           Authors’ contributions                              9.   Laronda MM, Rutz AL, Xiao S, et al., 2017, A Bioprosthetic
                                                                   Ovary Created Using 3D Printed Microporous Scaffolds
           Conception  and  design: AK and  GS; Collection         Restores Ovarian Function in Sterilized Mice. Nat Commun,
           and assembly of data:  AK, SB, and  AA; Data            8:15261. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15261.
           analysis and interpretation:  SB,  AK, and  AA;     10.  Bulanova EA, Koudan EV, Degosserie J,  et al.,  2017,
           Manuscript writing: SB and AK; Final approval of        Bioprinting  of  a  Functional  Vascularized  Mouse
           manuscript: All authors.                                Thyroid  Gland  Construct.  Biofabrication,  9:034105.
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           Acknowledgments                                     11.  Arslan-Yildiz A, Assal RE, Chen P,  et al.,  2016, Towards

           AK was supported by the Grant of the President          Artificial  Tissue  Models:  Past,  Present,  and  Future  of  3D
           of the Russian Federation – for state support of        Bioprinting. Biofabrication, 8:014103. DOI: 10.1088/1758-
           young  Russian  scientists  –  К-3244.2019.7.  The      5090/8/1/014103.
           authors thank Nelli Mamaiusupova for her critical   12.  Murphy SV, Atala A, 2014, 3D Bioprinting of Tissues and
           reading of the manuscript.                              Organs. Nat Biotechnol, 32:773–785. DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2958.
                                                               13.  Radenkovic  D, Solouk A, Seifalian A, 2016, Personalized
           Conflicts of interest                                   Development  of Human Organs Using 3D Printing
                                                                   Technology.  Med Hypotheses, 87:30–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.
           No conflicts of interest are reported by the authors.   mehy.2015.12.017.


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