Page 256 - IJB-8-4
P. 256

3D Bioprinting for Lung Tissue Regeneration
           physiological impairment [113-115] . In addition, there are few   Writing – original draft: Fariya Akter
           semi-quantitative methods available that can be utilized   Writing – review and editing: Fariya Akter, Yusha Araf,
           to evaluate the condition of the lung, such as a calculation   Jingbo Zhai and Chunfu Zheng
           method using software that automatically  sketches   Visualization - Fariya Akter and Yusha Araf
           volume, a calculation method for evaluating the degree
           of involvement according to four lobes or six zones of the   References
           lung, and pulmonary inflammation index [116] .
               Artificial intelligence-assisted chest high-resolution   1.   Stadler K, Masignani V, Eickmann M, et al., 2003, SARS--
           CT is another technique used to evaluate the extent and   Beginning to Understand a New Virus. Nat Rev Microbiol,
           the degree of lung inflammation. Moreover, the degree   1:209–18.
           of pulmonary fibrosis can be utilized in determining the      https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro775
           long-term effect of pulmonary fibrosis [117] .      2.   Mackay IM,  Arden KE, 2015, MERS  Coronavirus:
               An    automatic  biochemical  analyzer   can        Diagnostics, Epidemiology  and  Transmission.  Virol J,
           analyze irreversible lung damage by determining  the
           concentration  of  KL-6  in  patients’  serum.  Individuals   12:222.
           with  pulmonary  fibrosis  have  a  higher  level  of  KL-6      https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5
           compared to healthy individuals, and the optimal    3.   Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, et al., 2020, Virology, Epidemiology,
           threshold  for  COVID-19-mediated  irreversible  fibrosis   Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19. Viruses, 12:372.
           is 674 U/ml, with a sensitivity of 0.824 and specificity      https://doi.org/10.3390/v12040372
           of 0.838. Comparing the standard level with the level in   4.   Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, et al., A Novel Coronavirus
           patients with irreversible fibrosis can help determine the   Outbreak  of Global  Health  Concern.  Lancet  (London,
           condition before deciding on further treatment [118,119] .
                                                                   England), 395:470–3.
           7. Conclusion                                           https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9

           Receptor  specificity  of  SARS-CoV-2  leads  to  multiple   5.   Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al., 2020, Clinical Course and Risk
           organ dysfunction. Respiratory failure causes the highest   Factors  for  Mortality  of  Adult  Inpatients  with  COVID-19
           number of deaths and irreversible lung damage. Post-    in  Wuhan, China:  A  Retrospective Cohort Study.  Lancet,
           COVID-19 sequelae of lung diseases have been observed   395:1054–62.
           in 80% of the infected individuals despite complete      https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
           eradication  of the  virus. Complications,  including   6.   Yan Z, Yang M, Lai CL, 2021, Long COVID-19 Syndrome:
           pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, breathing
           difficulty,  and  post-infectious  pulmonary  fibrosis,  have   A  Comprehensive  Review  of  its  Effect  on  Various  Organ
           been observed during the follow-up studies in the recovered   Systems and Recommendation  on Rehabilitation  Plans.
           COVID-19 patients. Surprisingly, the research found that   Biomedicines, 9:966.
           more than half of the recovered patients experienced at      https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9080966
           least one sequela, whereas 60% experienced more than 1   7.   Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A’Court C, et al., 2020, Management
           symptom. Post-COVID-19 sequelae of lung diseases are    of Post-Acute Covid-19 in Primary Care. BMJ, 370:m3026.
           associated with several risk factors, such as age, diet and
           lifestyle habits, comorbidities, long-term ICU admission,      https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3026
           and D-dimer concentration.  This irreversible  lung   8.   Gheblawi M, Wang K, Viveiros A, et al., 2020, Angiotensin-
           damage can cause sudden death and raise other serious   Converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 Receptor and Regulator
           concerns. To avoid these issues, 3D bioprinting can be   of the Renin-Angiotensin System. Circ Res, 126:1456-74.
           utilized to print patient-specific lung, which is capable of      https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317015.
           working perfectly in the host, thereby saving the lives of   9.   Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, et al., 2020, Clinical Characteristics
           individuals with irreversible lung damage.
                                                                   of  Coronavirus  Disease  2019  in  China.  N  Engl  J  Med,
           Conflict of interest                                    382:1708–20.

           The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the      https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
           publication of the manuscript.                      10.  Hui KP, Cheung MC, Perera RA,  et al.,  2020, Tropism,
                                                                   Replication  Competence,  and Innate Immune Responses
           Author contributions                                    of the  Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Human Respiratory

           Conceptualization: Fariya Akter, Yusha Araf and Salman   Tract and Conjunctiva: An Analysis in ex-vivo and in-vitro
              Khan Promon                                          Cultures. Lancet Respir Med, 8:687–95.

           248                         International Journal of Bioprinting (2022)–Volume 8, Issue 4
   251   252   253   254   255   256   257   258   259   260   261