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RESEARCH ARTICLE

           Extrusion Printed Silk Fibroin Scaffolds with

           Post-mineralized Calcium Phosphate as a Bone

           Structural Material


           Ruya Shi , Xingxing Cai , Guanping He , Juan Guan *, Yuzeng Liu *, Hongyi Lu , Zhinan Mao ,
                                                                                                           1
                                   1†
                                                                                             2
                                                                1,3
                                                                               2
                                                   2
                    1†
           Yan Li , Hongbo Guo , Yong Hai    2
                 1,3
                                 1,3
           1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
           2 Department of Orthopedics, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University,
           Beijing 100020, China
           3 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beijing 100083, China
           † These authors contributed equally to this work.
           Abstract: Artificial bone materials are of high demand due to the frequent occurrence of bone damage from trauma, disease,
           and ageing. Three-dimensional (3D) printing can tailor-make structures and implants based on biomaterial inks, rendering
           personalized bone medicine possible. Herein, we extrusion-printed 3D silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds using mixed inks from SF and
           sodium alginate (SA), and post-mineralized various calcium phosphates to make hybrid SF scaffolds. The effects of printing
           conditions and mineralization conditions on the mechanical properties of SF scaffolds were investigated. The SF scaffolds
           from ~10 wt% SF ink exhibited a compressive modulus of 240 kPa, which was elevated to ~1600 kPa after mineralization,
           showing a significant reinforcement effect. Importantly, the mineralized SF 3D scaffolds exhibited excellent MC3T3-E1 cell
           viability and promoted osteogenesis. The work demonstrates a convenient strategy to fabricate SF-based hybrid 3D scaffolds
           with bone-mimetic components and desirable mechanical properties for bone tissue engineering.
           Keywords: 3D-printing; Structural biomaterial; Mineralization; Hybrid material

           *Correspondence to: Juan Guan, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; juan.guan@buaa.
           edu.cn; Yuzeng Liu, Department of Orthopedics, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University,
           No. 8 Gongtinanlu, Beijing 100020, China;  beijingspine2010@163.com
           Received: March 04, 2022; Accepted: June 12, 2022; Published Online: July 26, 2022
           (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Novel Materials and Processing for Medical 3D Printing and Bioprinting)

           Citation: Shi R, Cai X, He G, et al., 2022. Extrusion Printed Silk Fibroin Scaffolds with Post-mineralized Calcium Phosphate as a Bone
           Structural Material. Int J Bioprint, 8(4): 596. http://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v8i4.596

           1. Introduction                                         Three-dimensional (3D) printing provides a method
                                                               to process materials into devices through computer-aided
           The incidence rate of bone injury and defect is increasing   design [5,6] . The large design freedom in the composition and
           due to the aging of the global population and the ever-
           increasing rate of cancer and tumor [1,2] . Despite being the   structure of materials across multiple scales as well as the
           clinical gold standard, traditional bone implant materials   production efficiency make the technology highly popular
           based  on  titanium  alloys  have  disadvantages  of  low   in  biomedical  engineering,  for  example,  3D-printed
           induction, high incidence of interfacial detachment, and   scaffolds for bone and cartilage repair [7,8] . Among different
           inability  to  degrade  in vivo.  Therefore,  there  has  been   techniques, the extrusion-based printing is the most widely
           continued  and  concerted  efforts  in  developing  implants   used technique with high “ink” designability and printing
           based on biopolymer and biominerals that exhibit improved   efficiency [9,10] . Ideal bio-inks for 3D printing should have
           biocompatibility and body-absorption properties [3,4] .  good  mechanical  properties,  rheological  properties,

           © 2022 Author(s). This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting distribution and
           reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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