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International Journal of Bioprinting Coronary and peripheral artery disease. State of the art.

Table 4. Compilation of the VS most recently produced by 3DP and their main features
Type of stent Implant methodology Material 3DP technique Drug-eluting stent Blood vessel Ref.
type
BRS Not specified PCL, PLGA, PEG MEX (rotatory mandrel Sirolimus Coronary [69]
as printbed)
BRS Self-expandable mPDC Micro-continuous liquid - Coronary [73]
interface printing (DLP)
BRS Not specified PCL, PLA FDM (rotatory mandrel - Coronary [59-61]
as printbed)
BRS Self-expandable TPC FDM - Not specified [85]
BRS Self-expandable PCL, GR MEX Niclosamide, inositol Coronary [70]
phosphate
BRS Self-expandable PLA FDM - Coronary [63]
BRS Self-expandable PLA FDM - Coronary [62]
BRS Balloon-expanded PLLA FDM (rotatory mandrel Sirolimus Coronary [67]
as printbed)
BRS Balloon-expanded PLA, PDA and MEX Heparin Coronary [14]
PEI coating
BRS Not specified PCL FDM (rotatory mandrel - Coronary [36]
with voltage as print-
bed).
BRS Self-expandable PCL, βCD MEX (rotatory mandrel Paclitaxel Peripheral [71]
as printbed)
BRS Self-expandable PGDA FDM - Not specified [64]
BRS Self-expandable mPDC, SNAP DLP Nitric oxide Coronary [75]
BMS (Presillion and Balloon-expanded PLA/drug as stent MJT (inkjet printing) Simvastatin, paclitaxel Coronary [19]
TM
Cypher stents) coating
Not specified Self-expandable SMP (not FDM - Not specified [65], [66]
specified)
BMS Not specified Nitinol-PU FDM (used for the - Not specified [68]
creation of a sacrificial
core)
BMS Not specified CoCr PBF - Coronary [37]
The table is mainly sorted by type of stent.
properties. Because of the intrinsic degradation of BRS, It is undeniable that PAD lesions are much more
they can easily act as DES, controlling the release of actives complicated to treat due to the particularities of the disease
as they degrade, a feature that is also possible to obtain itself as it is associated with wider lesions (sometimes in
when polymers are used. branched blood vessels) located in vessels distant from the
heart. This entails lower blood pressure and oxygenation,
7. Future directions which complicates not only the intervention, but also
This section provides an overview about the potential the prognosis in comparison with CAD lesions. In view
strategies to follow in the endovascular prosthesis field. of these facts coupled with their economic burden, it
is imperative to make some progress in the design and
The combination of different manufacturing techniques production of specific VS to address lesions in peripheral
is one of the approaches most commonly used to improve vessels (peripheral VS). Even modest progresses in this
VS [19,36] . For instance, the involvement of one or more direction will be a significant step forward to improve PAD
3DP strategies in this process could potentially enhance treatment and prognosis.
VS industry, allowing for a better control of not only the
mechanical performance of medical device, but also their Regarding the mechanical properties of a VS, there are
biodegradability or the controlled drug release. still some unresolved issues. The greater the radial stiffness
of the VS, the higher the pressure on the vascular wall and

Volume 9 Issue 2 (2023) 245 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i2.664