Page 129 - IJPS-11-2

International Journal of
Population Studies Country choice for migrant entrepreneurship

notable movements in the list, Spain and Montenegro have • Secure future: Are immigrants allowed to establish
made significant advancements, with Estonia, Lithuania, long-term settlements and feel secure about their
and Georgia standing out among the post-Soviet countries. future in the country?
Conversely, North Macedonia has experienced the most Based on the categorization into different groups,
significant decline (EUCHAM, 2020). such as comprehensive integration, equality (on paper),

3.2.2. MIPEX and temporary integration, Solano & Huddleston (2020)
revealed various degrees of immigrant integration across
In 2020, Solano and Huddleston used the MIPEX to countries. Specifically, in countries characterized by
extensively analyze the policies for migrant integration, comprehensive integration, immigrants have access to the
based on a large investigation conducted by numerous same rights and opportunities as nationals, with provisions
research groups in 56 countries (across six continents), for long-term settlement and a secure future. These countries
including: all EU member states and the United Kingdom; are likely to provide robust support systems and policies
other European countries, such as Albania, Iceland, North that facilitate immigrant integration into various aspects of
Macedonia, Moldova, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland, Russia, society, including entrepreneurship. Conversely, although
Turkey and Ukraine; Asian countries including China, countries under the category of equality (on paper) may
India, Indonesia, Japan, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, have formal legal frameworks to ensure immigrant rights
and the United Arab Emirates; North American countries and opportunities, in reality, they may not be fully realized.
such as Canada, Mexico, and the United States; South Such discrepancies can hinder immigrants’ abilities to fully
American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, pursue entrepreneurial activities on an equal footing with
as well as South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. nationals. Finally, countries classified under temporary
The indicators have served to identify connections integration may provide limited rights and opportunities
between integration policies, the outcomes for immigrants for immigrants, with little to no emphasis on long-term
resulting from these policies, and public opinion. The settlement or security. In this regard, immigrants may
indicators include the following three main directions: face barriers to entrepreneurship and be less inclined
to establish their roots or invest in long-term endeavors
• Basic rights: Do immigrants have the same rights as due to the uncertainty regarding their future in the host
nationals? For example, do they enjoy equal rights country. The results of Solano & Huddleston (2020) are
to work, training, healthcare, and protection against presented in Figure 3.
discrimination?
• Equal opportunities: Are immigrants provided with The Nordic countries, Belgium, Portugal, and Ireland
the same opportunities as nationals? have higher scores for migrant integration. Although

Figure 2. Ranking of European countries for doing business in 2020 Figure 3. European migrant integration 2020
Source: 2020 EuCham. Author’s interactive map published at: https:// Source: Solano & Huddleston, 2020). Author’s interactive map published
datawrapper.dwcdn.net/LW8Rv/1/ at: https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/YbFri/2/

Volume 11 Issue 2 (2025) 123 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.4447