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Managing natural disaster risk with earthquake damage scenarios

of emergencies covering fire, accident, ambulance, police, and the emergency operating center should be designated and
widely publicized (McBride, Llenos, Page, et al., 2020).
5.8. Practical EDS
The simulation exercise for earthquake magnitude 6.0 and 7.0 for seismically prone locations should be designed as they have
more probability of occurrence (Larsson, Bynander, Ohlsson, et al., 2015). This will lead to better participation of stakeholders
(Waugh and Streib, 2006). Parameters related to topography and all parameters mentioned above should be included for the
future development of scenarios as lack of information on these parameters defeat the very purpose of scenario development
(Brainard, Ladd, Tappen, et al., 2019). Further, it should also include cost and timeline for rescue and rehabilitation.

5.9. Data Availability

State government and related agencies (national and state level) should be directed by the federal government to make
relevant data accessible to the teams engaged in developing such type hypothetical scenarios. This will help to integrate
the outcome of the scenario by the inclusion of infrastructure and economic losses.
5.10. Financing

Considering the lack of awareness and sensitization about earthquake disasters in the high-risk zone among community
and administration, appropriate funds and time should be allocated (Wein and Rose, 2011). Appropriate funding should be
given for such exercises so that technical aspects pointed by the Expert Group should be incorporated in future projects.
6. Conclusion

The scientific EDS exercise followed by mega Shakeout exercises helped the administration, government agencies, and
community in generating awareness of the earthquake and possible risks attached to the high magnitude earthquake. The
exercises also helped the administration to know their level of preparedness and identified gaps that need immediate
attention. The scenario developed exercise faced several challenges such as lack of awareness among concerned
stakeholder, lack of technical know-how at the grass-root level, lack of poor coordination among various stakeholders,
unavailability of data on important issues such as the effect of earthquake-triggered landslides, sub-soil characteristics,
depth of soil, soil stratification and cascading effect of buildings/infrastructure, and socioeconomic status of people living
affected areas. Indian experience has shown a threefold framework for effective EDS planning and implementation. This
includes a strategic action map, i.e., pre-requisites for EDS and Shakeout exercise, action needs at the planning stage of
EDS, and checklist for the implementation of EDS and Shakeout Exercises in other countries. These practical suggestions
are a must for successful EDS and Shakeout exercises planned for other states.
Authors’ Contributions

Authors have collected the data from all relevant sources and stakeholders after due informed consent obtained and
carried out detailed analysis using qualitative data analysis methodology with a systematic literature review.
Ethics Statement

The ethical clearance was not required for this study, as this study mainly involved post-event study. The study involved in-
depth discussions with the key stakeholders and officials involved in the process. The informed consent of the officers was
taken in advance before inviting them for the workshop. All views expressed by the officials were in their official capacity.
Availability of Supporting Data

All important relevant data related to the study can be found at the NDMA website and the IIT Bombay website.
Acknowledgment and Conflict of Interest

This study is a part of the study titled “Independent Evaluation of Mw 8 Mandi, Earthquake Scenario: Multi-State Exercise
and Awareness Campaign,” sponsored by NDMA, India, conducted by the first author. We are grateful to Joint Secretary, CBT
division of NDMA and her team, Dr. Ravi Sinha, and Prof. C. V. R. Murthy teams, IIT, Mumbai and Madras, Prof. Vinod K.
Sharma, IIPA and members of the Expert Group and Shri T. N Gupta who had helped us in that study. The authors have not had

38 International Journal of Population Studies | 2020, Volume 6, Issue 1