Page 107 - IJPS-7-2

International Journal of
Population Studies Knowledge, attitudes, practices, and COVID-19 in Lebanon

Table 3. Adjusted odds ratios of knowledge, attitudes, and Table 4a. Adjusted odds ratios of knowledge, attitudes, and
practices toward COVID‑19 from multivariable analyses practices toward COVID‑19 from multivariable analyses,
males
Knowledge Attitudes Practice 1
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Knowledge Attitudes Practice 1
Independent variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Knowledge score -- 1.04 1.14** Independent variables
Attitude score -- -- 1.41*** Knowledge score -- 0.92 0.92
Having a family member working in the Attitude score -- -- 2.77*
medical field Having a family member working in the medical field
Yes (no) 1.40 1.76* 0.93 Yes (no) 0.31 1.91 0.61
Indirect contact with a COVID-19 patient Indirect contact with a COVID-19 patient
Yes (no) 1.17 0.85 0.67 Yes (no) 2.03 0.79 3.11
Do not know (no) 0.44* 0.53 0.63 Do not know (no) 0.19 0.08 0.01*
Having a family member who has been infected with COVID-19 Having a family member who has been infected with COVID-19
Yes (no) 0.64 0.91 1.52 Yes (no) 1.46 0.56 0.32
Do not know (no) 0.99 0.41 0.70 Do not know (no) 0.006 0.001 0.003
Direct contact with a COVID-19 patient Tested with COVID-19 (no) 0.43 0.41 0.04+
Yes (no) 0.93 1.42 1.71 Fear of COVID-19 score 0.85 1.15 1.15
Do not know (no) 0.79 1.45 0.73 Time spent on COVID-19 information/day
Diagnosed with COVID-19 1.45 0.72 0.41+ 30+min (< 30) 1.99 0.22+ 2.10
(no) Covariates
Tested with COVID-19 (no) 0.67 0.73 0.57+
Age 0.88 1.06 0.85
Fear of COVID-19 score 1.00 1.04* 1.10***
Urban (rural) 9.59+ 0.71 5.22
Time spent on COVID-19 information/day
Currently married (no) 3241.10* 11.53 223.54+
30+min (<30) 1.37 1.38 1.91**
College education (no) 21.08 0.54 0.29
Covariates
Currently employed (no) 0.07 0.15 0.56
Age 0.99 1.00 1.02+
Household crowding index 0.01* 0.26 1.14
Males (females) 0.87 0.74 0.80
Muslim (Christian) 0.98 4.61 3.10
Urban (rural) 0.85 0.64+ 1.13
Other religions (Christian) 3.56 0.43 0.62
Currently married (no) 1.69 0.98 0.56
Anxiety score 0.32 0.59 0.30+
College education (no) 3.90** 1.52 1.65
df 16 17 18
Currently employed (no) 0.83 0.88 0.99 Wald Chi-square 0.19 0.43 0.04
Household crowding index 0.41*** 1.02 1.33
N 82 82 82
Muslim (Christian) 0.65 0.91 0.73
Note: The category in the parentheses is the reference group.
Other religions (Christian) 0.76 0.63 0.59 Knowledge dichotomized variable: Low (values less than 17.00)
Anxiety score 0.88* 0.89+ 1.02 versus high knowledge (values greater than or equal to 17.01. Attitude
dichotomized variable: Fearful (values less than 17.00) versus
df 20 21 22 acceptable attitude (values greater than or equal to 17.01). Practice
Wald Chi-square 7.71 25.18 3.19 dichotomized variable: Flawed (values less than 104.00) versus good
N 405 405 405 practice (values greater than or equal to 104.01). +P<0.1, *P<0.05,
**P<0.01, ***P<0.001
Note: The category in the parentheses is the reference group.
Knowledge dichotomized variable: Low (values less than 17.00)
versus high knowledge (values greater than or equal to 17.01. Attitude traditions, such as eating together (usually from the same
dichotomized variable: Fearful (values less than 17.00) versus plate) and sharing utensils, and private social acts like
acceptable attitude (values greater than or equal to 17.01). Practice kissing older family members’ hands or heads (Hassan
dichotomized variable: Flawed (values less than 104.00) versus good
practice (values greater than or equal to 104.01). +P<0.1, *P<0.05, et al., 2021; Hussain, 2020). Therefore, social distancing
**P<0.01, ***P<0.001 and self-isolation during COVID-19 were hard to follow

Volume 7 Issue 2 (2021) 101 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.v7i2.342