Page 144 - JCAU-6-2

Journal of Chinese
Architecture and Urbanism RuiXue Multi-Hall in reciprocal structures

traditional two-dimensional framework, enabling their architects to venture into innovative design possibilities
application to more intricate, free-form surfaces in this and seamlessly incorporate construction considerations
digital age. This transformation in structural design is at the outset of the design phase. This approach has the
attributed to the synergy between computational power potential to streamline the entire architectural process.
and mathematical algorithms. This synergy has given rise The future of reciprocal structures hinges on the fusion
to a diverse range of structural design software platforms. of various fields, including the sciences and computer
technology. Through this interdisciplinary collaboration,
These innovative platforms are gradually replacing
conventional physical design methods by offering more we can forge more innovative and sustainable architectural
precise and efficient simulation capabilities. They facilitate structures.
a variety of structural modeling techniques, including 2. Reciprocal structure development
finite element analysis, the force density method, overview
and the dynamic equilibrium method. In addition,
simulation algorithms play a pivotal role in the creation 2.1. The three main phases of reciprocal structures
of digital fabrication tools that support parametric design, Early reciprocal structures were frequently constructed
prefabrication, environmental control, precise positioning, using wood, which was a readily available material. The
and collaboration between humans and machines. These transmission characteristics of these wooden members
tools foster the concept of digital architecture, seamlessly facilitated simple assembly, construction of nodes, and
integrating design, construction, and esthetics. In this swift disassembly of these structures. Consequently,
context, technological advancements and iterative tool reciprocal structures piqued the interest of numerous
development contribute to the enrichment of esthetics. human communities and found their origins in various
Nonetheless, architects should remain vigilant in early civilizations. They boast a lengthy and intricate
ensuring that their focus extends beyond esthetics. history of development.
Functionality, construction feasibility, and economic
viability should continue to be primary concerns. 2.2. Phase one: Early sprouting stage
This article introduces methods for the development In approximately 55 BC, Julius Caesar built a military
of intelligent reciprocal systems for shell construction by bridge across the Rhine River, showcasing a structural
establishing a comprehensive geometric control system design reminiscent of a reciprocal system (Caesar, 1851).
and a digital wooden frame construction framework. The This bridge utilized a brilliant technique of reciprocal
following research objectives were expected to be achieved: components, seamlessly integrating with the turbulent
(i) The project’s boundary limitations were defined by river, effectively incorporating the swift water flow into its
site constraints and internal conditions. The research structural equilibrium. By employing simple nodes and
team explored shell formation methods within these reciprocal mechanisms, such as rope knots or wooden pegs,
geometric boundaries. this remarkable 400 m-long bridge was rapidly constructed
(ii) The structural performance of large-span, column- in just 10 days, making a substantial contribution to
free shells was optimized through the application of Caesar’s subsequent military triumphs.
reciprocal geometry. This approach utilizes parametric 2.3. Phase two: Preliminary research stage
geometric design and shape optimization to enhance th
the efficiency and constructability of architectural From ancient times until the 20 century, the development
structures. of reciprocal structures had remained relatively stagnant.
(iii) Intelligent reciprocal systems for shell construction During this extended period, reciprocal geometry found its
were developed by establishing a comprehensive primary application in roofing and flooring, emphasizing
geometric control system and a digital wooden radiating, and rotating patterns. Nevertheless, new forms
frame construction framework. This system clarifies of reciprocal geometry gradually emerged, including
the geometric logic of reciprocal structures during three-dimensional weaving, reciprocal extensions, and the
construction, integrating various geometric elements proliferation of individual units.
to achieve seamless digital design-construction In his renowned treatise “Codex Atlanticus” (De
synergy guided by reciprocal geometry. Vinci, 1978), Leonardo da Vinci sketched military bridges
In the digital era, reciprocal structures have become resembling the structures described in Julius Caesar’s
significantly more structurally robust and efficient. Their “Commentarii de Bello Gallico” (Caesar, 1851). Da Vinci
geometric properties hold immense potential for the exhibited his innovation in crafting various bridge types
creation of complex shell structures. Digital tools empower tailored to diverse construction environments. These

Volume 6 Issue 2 (2024) 2 https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.1635