Page 172 - JCAU-7-2

Journal of Chinese
Architecture and Urbanism Mitigating the risks

Furthermore, the aftermath of tsunamis presents an investigated in the sustainable development of Indian cities.
additional risk: low-lying land often becomes salinized Environmental Challenges, 4:100099.
by seawater pushed inland, resulting in severe damage to https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100099
arable land and, in some cases, rendering it unsuitable
for crop cultivation. This can lead to temporary or long- Bloomberg, M. (2015). City century: Why municipalities are the
key to fighting climate change. Foreign Affairs, 94(2):116.
term famine, social unrest, political instability, and other
cascading social crises. Cai, Z., Liu, Z., Zuo, S., & Cao, S. (2019). Finding a peaceful road
to urbanization in China. Land Use Policy, 83:560-563.
To address this, governments must urgently protect
essential agricultural land from conversion to other https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.02.042
uses, particularly in higher-elevation areas that are less Cao, S., Wang, X., & Wang G. (2009). Lessons learned from
vulnerable to salinization, and increase food reserves by China’s fall into the poverty trap. Journal of Policy Modeling,
storing grain and other crops in dry, tectonically stable 31:298-307.
areas where they will remain safe from flooding damage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2008.09.004

Acknowledgments Chen, L., & Cao, S. (2013). Lack of integrated solutions hinders
environmental recovery in China, Ecological Engineering,
We thank Geoffrey Hart of Montréal, Canada, for his help 54:233-235.
in writing this manuscript. We are also grateful for the https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.01.015
comments and criticisms of our colleagues.
Da Silva, J.M.C., Prasad, S., & Diniz-Filho, J.A.F. (2017). The
Funding impact of deforestation, urbanization, public investments,
and agriculture on human welfare in the Brazilian Amazonia.
None. Land Use Policy, 65:135-142.

Conflict of interest https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.04.003
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Deacon, C., & Samways, M. J. (2021). Urban threats and
conservation measures relating to aquatic arthropods on the
The opinions expressed here are those of the authors and iconic Table Mountain, South Africa: A review. Basic and
do not necessarily reflect the position of the Government Applied Ecology, 56:192-212.
of China or of any other organization.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2021.07.009
Author contributions Elmqvist, T., Andersson, E., Frantzeskaki, N., McPhearson, T.,

Conceptualization: Shixiong Cao Olsson, P., Gaffney, O., et al. (2019). Sustainability and
Writing – original draft: All authors resilience for transformation in the urban century. Nature
Sustainability, 2(4):267-273.
Writing – review & editing: All authors
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0250-1
Ethics approval and consent to participate Esfandeh, S., Danehkar, A., Salmanmahiny, A., Sadeghi, S.M.M.,

Not applicable. & Marcu, M.V. (2022). Climate change risk of urban growth
and land use/land cover conversion: An in-depth review of
Consent for publication the recent research in Iran. Sustainability, 14:338.
Not applicable. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010338
Gao, R. (2022). The belt and road and china railway express. Journal
Availability of data of Economics, Business and Management, 10(3):190-194.
The data discussed in this article were obtained from https://doi.org/10.18178/joebm.2022.10.3.697
published sources (Cai et al. [2019], Pilkey & Cooper Grimmond, S. (2007). Urbanization and global environmental
[2004], Seto et al. [2010], Wang et al. [2016], Yu [1995], change: Local effects of urban warming. The Geographical
Yu [1997], Zhang et al. [2007]). A summary of the data Journal, 173:83-88.
is available from the authors upon request, as cited in the
references. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1475-4959.2007.232_3.X
Kosovac, A., Acuto, M., & Jones, T. L. (2020). Acknowledging
References urbanization: A survey of the role of cities in UN
Frameworks. Global Policy, 11(3):293-304.
Basu, T., & Das, A. (2021). Systematic review of how eco-
environmental transformation due to urbanization can be https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12783

Volume 7 Issue 2 (2025) 6 https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.5320