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Microbes & Immunity Broad-spectrum health benefits of honey

Figure 1. Processes for generating hydrogen peroxide: Glucose (C H O ) is oxidized by glucose oxidase, with the cofactor FAD facilitating the reaction,
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resulting in the production of gluconic acid (C H O ) and hydrogen peroxide (H O ). Oxygen (O ) is consumed during this process, and hydrogen
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peroxide is generated as a byproduct of glucose oxidation.

Figure 2. Some phenolic compounds in honey

Figure 3. Some flavonoids compounds in honey

honey, as fructose is sweeter than glucose. In addition to health benefits. For example, maltose, a disaccharide, results
glucose and fructose, honey contains small but significant from the breakdown of starches in the nectar and can
amounts of sucrose, maltose, and trace amounts of various influence the sweetness profile of different types of honey.
oligosaccharides (Figure 4). These minor sugars contribute to The carbohydrate composition of honey can vary depending
the overall flavor and texture of honey, as well as its potential on the floral source from which the nectar is collected.
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Volume 2 Issue 2 (2025) 4 doi: 10.36922/mi.6592