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Microbes & Immunity

REVIEW ARTICLE
Management of obesity-related diseases

through the gut microbiome

Amar P. Garg * , Rashmi Goley 2 , and Anchal Bamal 2
1
1 Research and Development Cell, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh,
India
2 Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Shobhit Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Obesity and Human Microbiome)

Abstract

Obesity is a multifactorial disease that results in the excessive accumulation of adipose
tissue in humans. It poses a major global public health crisis, as it increases the risk
of several pathologies. The gut microbiome is considered a potential modulator in
the development of obesity, alongside environmental factors, lifestyle, and genetic
makeup. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the gut microbiome is
greatly influenced by the type, quality, and quantity of diet. We have found that a
vegetarian diet facilitates the growth and development of beneficial bacteria in the
gut. This review discusses the relationship between the human gut microbiome,
energy balance, and various obesity-related diseases. The metabolic products of the
*Corresponding author: gut microbiome (such as short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids) and their
Amar P. Garg effects on the gut microbiome, intestinal barrier function, and immune homeostasis
(director_research@subharti.org) are explored in the context of obesity. However, the specific roles of individual gut
Citation: Garg AP, Goley R, microbiota species and their interactions with the gut environment, host genetics,
Bamal A. Management of obesity- and medications (including antibiotics) require further investigation. We also discuss
related diseases through the gut
microbiome. Microbes & Immunity. the potential of the gut microbiome in managing obesity-related diseases through
2025;2(4):40-60. dietary modifications, with reference to dietary fiber, resistant starch, gluten, high-fat
doi: 10.36922/MI025160036 diets, and proteins and carbohydrates from both vegetarian and animal sources.
Received: April 18, 2025
1st revised: May 13, 2025 Keywords: Obesity; Gut microbiome; Metabolism; Homeostasis; Diet and microbiota;
2nd revised: May 29, 2025 Fecal microbiota; Probiotics
Accepted: June 12, 2025
Published online: July 1, 2025
Copyright: © 2025 Author(s). 1. Introduction
This is an Open-Access article Obesity has emerged as a major global public health challenge, with prevalence rates
distributed under the terms of the
1
Creative Commons Attribution rising rapidly across both developed and developing nations. At present, over 600 million
License, permitting distribution, adults and 107 million children worldwide are affected by obesity, and if trends continue,
and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is it is estimated that 18% of men and 21% of women will be obese by 2025, with 20%
properly cited. of the global adult population projected to be obese by 2030. Obesity is strongly
2,3
Publisher’s Note: AccScience associated with numerous comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular
Publishing remains neutral with disease, and various cancers, contributing significantly to both economic and social
regard to jurisdictional claims in 4
published maps and institutional burdens. Conventionally, obesity has been recognized as an interconnected condition
affiliations. influenced by genetic, behavioral, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. In recent

Volume 2 Issue 4 (2025) 40 doi: 10.36922/MI025160036