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Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing Materials for 3D-printed electrodes

A B

C D

Figure 4. Carbon-based materials for 3D printed flexible electrodes. (A) Preparation of electrically conductive 3D structures by embedding CNTs in
thermoplastic elastomer thermoplastic elastomer surfaces using FDM printing . Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society. Reprinted with
[80]
permission of American Chemical Society. (B) Composites of rGO and elastomeric for digital light processing 3D printing . Copyright © 2021 Wiley-
[85]
VCH. Reprinted with permission of Wiley-VCH. (C) Melt electro-writing-prepared rGO/PCL microfiber layer . Copyright © 2023 John Wiley and Sons.
[86]
Reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons. (D) Embedding or wrapping MXene nanosheets into porous PU nanogrid scaffolds produced by
electrospinning . Copyright © 2022 ELSEVIER BV. Reprinted with permission of ELSEVIER BV.
[94]
excellent energy storage performances and is resistant and is achieved through methods such as doping [96,97] .
to deformation and low temperature, making it a good Conductive polymer materials offer the advantages of easy
flexible electrode element . processing and production, low density, and corrosion
[95]
Many carbon-based materials have been applied to the resistance compared to traditional metal conductors [98-100] .
preparation of flexible medical electrodes. In these reports, Meanwhile, the conductivity of the conductive polymer
carbon-based materials can be directly used in 3D printing, can be adjusted by tinkering with the electrochemical
[101-103]
encapsulated or embedded in structures created by 3D reversible reaction , offering flexibility to practical
printing, or composited with other materials to form inks applications. Polyaniline (PANI) was the first-discovered
that can be used for 3D printing. The combination between conductive polymer, whose electrical conductivity
carbon-based materials with excellent conductivity and could change with the degree of hydration and acid-base
ductility and flexible substrates with great mechanical parameters of different derivatives [104,105] . The application of
properties may lead to the creation of conductive materials PANI to IJP for the preparation of flexible and patterned
with high sensitivity. Characterized by low toxicity electrochromic devices (ECDs) has been reported [106] . In the
and thermal conductivity, carbon-based materials are wake of the serendipitous synthesis of polyacetylene with
regarded as potential substitutes for metal materials in the a metallic luster, a wave of studies aiming to enhance the
preparation of future flexible medical electrodes and have electrical conductivity of polyacetylene has emerged [107-109] .
promising application prospects in various facets, such as Subsequently, a series of conductive polymers, including
biosensing, physiological signal detection, and biological polypyrrole (PPy) [110-112] , polythiophene [113-115] , and
scaffolds. PEDOT:PSS [116-118] were developed, significantly expanding
the selection of materials available for the preparation of
4. Conductive polymers flexible medical electrodes.

The conductivity of conductive polymers lies within PEDOT:PSS has good electrical conductivity,
the range between semiconductors and conductors biocompatibility, and water solubility. With the help of

Volume 2 Issue 4 (2023) 7 https://doi.org/10.36922/msam.2084