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Figure 5. a) The bubble front evolution for three viscosities (2.8 cP – left; 75 cP – middle; 165 cP

– right). The dependence of b) the bubble lifetime, and c) maximum bubble front on the laser
pulse energy for different ink viscosities.

Using the images captured by the fast camera (Figure 4a), we calculated the bubble volume and

jet volume under the examined conditions. The jet volume ranged from 4.17 ± 1.33 to 25.7 ± 6.9
nL and was consistently lower than the bubble volume, which ranged from 7.26 ± 1.83 to 27.56 ±

5.79 nL (Figure 6). Despite this difference, the jet and bubble volumes showed a consistent
correlation across the different energies and viscosities.

Taken together, these results highlight the influence of ink viscosity on microjet ejection and
bubble dynamics. Higher viscosities require more energy for jet ejection and slow down bubble

dynamics, microjet formation, and the detachment process.

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