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(2) High-Throughput Drug Screening Enabled by Hybrid 3D Printing-

Microfluidic Systems

Recent advances leverage 3D printing to fabricate microfluidic devices, offering a
cost-effective and physiologically relevant strategy that streamlines production,

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reduces costs, and enables customization. Building on this concept, Steinberg et al.
engineered a fully 3D-printed microphysiological system capable of maintaining

patient-derived tumor spheroids under long-term culture conditions, enabling

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comprehensive evaluation of drug combination therapies (Figure 4F). S et al.
introduced a user-friendly, flexible 3D-printed device culturing cancer cells or organoid

spheroids in hydrogels within controlled environments. Beyond device fabrication, 3D

printing directly generates tumor cell clusters; bioprinting potentially reduces culture

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cycles and simplifies experimental preparation. Li et al. prepared liver cancer cell
clusters via 3D cell printing, with the microfluidic chip providing a biomimetic

microenvironment, validating feasibility as a novel in vitro drug screening model.
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What’s more, Rahimifard et al. used a 3D-printed microfluidic device to evaluate

GBM spheroid formation after exposure to novel pyrazinyl [1,2-a] benzimidazole
derivatives, assessing their inhibitory effects. The application of 3D-printed

microfluidics in the establishment of drug screening platforms has streamlined the cycle

of designing, fabricating, and testing new devices, reducing the workload for model

construction and improving reproducibility. Moreover, these devices demonstrate

enhanced biocompatibility in many applications and are more environmentally friendly

compared to traditional materials.

4.2 Enhancing Cancer Therapy Using Microfluidic Drug Delivery Systems and

Biomimetic Scaffolds

Recent advances in microfluidic technologies have enabled precise control over

nanoparticle fabrication, offering significant advantages in reproducibility, scalability,

and tunability compared to conventional bulk methods. Current microfluidic device

designs, including droplet-based, continuous-flow, and hybrid systems, have been

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