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selective drug delivery to cancer cells and increased accumulation and penetration at

tumor sites. The study also demonstrated that iRGD functionalization improved cellular
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uptake and cytotoxicity (Figure 5C). Meanwhile, Wei et al. utilized microfluidics to
synthesize a novel core–shell hybrid nanoparticle with an siRNA core, which was

shown to exhibit strong siRNA protection and loading capacity, improved in vivo

stability and biosafety, as well as effective antitumor efficacy (Figure 5D).

Balachandran et al. 106 developed an integrated microfluidic chip to

synthesize aptamer-modified biozeolitic imidazolate frameworks (BioZIF-

8) for targeting lymph nodes and tumors (Figure 5E). Yan et al. 107 fabricated

a pH/redox-triggered mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) nanoplatform for the co-

delivery of doxorubicin/paclitaxel (DOX/PTX) (Figure 5F). Microfluidics also shows

significant potential in tumor immunotherapy. Han et al. 108 used commercial devices

(Dolomite) for fluoroconjugation of EGCG-ligand-siTOX nanoparticles to regulate

tumor cells and exhausted T cells synergistically. Moreover, 3D-printed microfluidic

devices show significant promise for advancing drug delivery across the blood-brain

barrier. Therefore, by integrating advanced microfluidic platforms for precision
nanoparticle synthesis with conventional antitumor drugs, the resulting hybrid drug

delivery systems can significantly enhance therapeutic efficacy and targeting specificity.

This synergistic approach leverages the tunability of nanocarriers and the proven

mechanisms of chemotherapeutic agents, offering a promising strategy to improve

cancer treatment outcomes.

Similarly, the integration of 3D printing and microfluidic technologies has led to

the development of microfluidic 3D-printed scaffolds, a groundbreaking strategy for

addressing post-operative tumor recurrence and facilitating tissue regeneration. A

notable example is the work by Zhang et al. 109 , who designed a light-responsive

platinum (IV) (Pt(IV)) prodrug-loaded scaffold using a microfluidic-assisted 3D

printing approach. The scaffold, composed of polymerized gelatin methacryloyl

(GelMA) (Pt-GelMA), exploits the photoconversion of low-toxicity Pt (IV) to highly

cytotoxic Pt (II) species upon irradiation, enabling localized and controlled drug release.

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