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Advanced Neurology Antibodies as neurodegenerative biomarkers

Table 1. Protective role of autoantibodies in neuronal degenerative diseases.
Disease Function Antibody target Effector cell References
AD Clearance of tau oligomers Tau oligomers Neurons Valls-Comamala et al., 2017 69
Microglial cells
Reduction of tau toxicity Tau Microglia Congdon et al., 2022 63
Promotion of tau uptake and clearance Tau Microglia Chandupatla et al., 2020 61
Neutralization of pathological tau Tau Neuron Zilkova et al., 2020 62
Glia cells
Clearance of Aβ accumulation Aβ protein Microglial cells Tiwari et al., 2019 60
Inhibition of Aβ aggregation Fab-mediated function Cortical neuron Gold et al., 2013 68
endothelial cell
PD Removal of extracellular α-syn proteins α-syn Microglial Bae et al., 2012 71
Prevention of α-syn transfer between neuron and
astrocyte
Binding of soluble and aggregated α-syn proteins Soluble α-syn Microglial cells Nordström et al., 2021 72
Neutralization of the intracellular α-syn α-syn Neuron Li et al., 2019 73
aggregation
Inhibition of the interaction of α-syn oligomers Oligomeric aggregates of α-syn Neuron Cascella et al., 2019 74
Neuronal cells
Reduction of α-syn oligomerization α-syn H4 cells Näsström et al., 2011 75
HD Detection and binding of mutated HTT and its Mutant huntingtin protein Neurons Lee et al., 2014 82
aggregates Brain cells
ALS Regulation of TDP-43 protein accumulation TDP-43 protein - Masrori et al., 2020 84
Conti et al., 2021 86
Prevention of TDP-43 pathological aggregation Different regions of TDP-43 - Nielsen et al., 2021 87
Detection and binding of SOD1 enzyme SOD1 - Riemenschneider et al., 2023 88
Abbreviations: α-syn: Alpha-synuclein; Aβ: β-Amyloid; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; ALS: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; HD: Huntington’s disease;
HTT: Huntingtin gene; α-syn: α-synuclein; PD: Parkinson’s disease; SOD1: Superoxide dismutase 1; TDP-43: TAR DNA-binding protein 43.

Table 2. Pathogenic role of autoantibodies in neuronal degenerative diseases.

Disease Function Antibody target Effector cell References
AD Influence on cellular responses and toxicity Tau Neuron Zilkova et al., 2020 62
Glia cells
Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines Tau Microglia Congdon et al., 2022 63
Impact on tau protein conformation Tau No intervention Bouras et al., 2005 15
is required
Accumulation of Aβ in neurons Aβ Brain neurons Lee et al., 2016 64
42 42
Binding of certain abnormal proteins Aβ Neurons Nagele et al., 2011 65
1-42
Immune cells
Promotion of Aβ peptide production Aβ peptide - Vojdani et al., 2018 66
1-17
PD Contribution of inflammation and neuronal damage Dopaminergic neurons Microglia Näsström et al., 2011 75
Induction of neuronal damage FcγR-mediated function Microglia Orr et al., 2005 76
Wang et al., 2007 77
Promotion of the α-syn transfer Neurons Cao et al., 2010 78
HD Immunity response against AT1R AT1R T cells Tabrizi et al., 2020 80
ALS Acceleration of neuronal degeneration β-actin Immune cells Atlasi et al., 2018 89
Niebroj-Dobosz et al., 2006 90
Abbreviations: α-syn: Alpha-synuclein; Aβ: β-Amyloid; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; ALS: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AT1R: Angiotensin II Type 1
receptor; FcγR: Fc gamma receptor; HD: Huntington disease; PD: Parkinson’s disease.

Volume 3 Issue 1 (2024) 5 https://doi.org/10.36922/an.2058