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Advanced Neurology The rising impact of sleep disorders in the post-pandemic era

Table 2. (Continued)
Condition References
Etiology • Hypocretin deficiency
• Head trauma
• Sustained sleep deprivation
• Unspecified viral illness
• Sudden changes in sleep–wake patterns
• HLA subtypes DR2/DRB1*1501 and DQB1*0602
Treatment Sleepiness:
1. Modafinil
2. Armodafinil
3. Methylphenidate
4. Amphetamine salts
5. Sodium oxybate
Cataplexy:
1. Sodium oxybate
2. SSRI
Parasomnia Diagnostic REM-related parasomnia: Schreck et al., Pavlova et al.,
criteria 1. Repeated episodes of sleep-related vocalization and/or complex motor Holder et al., Sateia 2,5-7
behaviors
Non-REM-related parasomnia:
1. Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep
2. Inappropriate or absent responsiveness to the efforts of others to intervene
or redirect the person during the episode
3. Limited or no associated cognition or dream imagery
4. Partial or complete amnesia for the episode
Etiology • Sleep deprivation
• Situational stress
• Febrile states
• Use of psychotropic medications
• Comorbid conditions such as migraine and encephalitis
• Alcohol consumption
Treatment • Clonazepam
• Other benzodiazepines
• Melatonin
• Treatment of associated disorders and other precipitating factors
• Antidepressants
Restless legs Diagnostic An urge to move the legs is usually accompanied by or thought to be caused by Schreck et al., Pavlova et al.,
syndrome and criteria uncomfortable and unpleasant sensations in the legs. These symptoms must Holder et al., Sateia 2,5-7
periodic limb 1. Begin or worsen during periods of rest or inactivity.
movements of 2. Be partially or relieved by movement.
sleep 3. Occur exclusively or predominantly in the evening or night rather than
during the day.
Etiology • Family history
• Iron deficiency (ferritin level<50 μg/L)
• Certain medications
• Female sex
• Pregnancy
• Chronic renal failure
• Prolonged immobility
Treatment • Dopamine agonists
• Pramipexole
• Ropinirole
• Gabapentin Enacarbil
• Iron supplementation
• Opiates
• Benzodiazepines
Abbreviations: REM: Rapid eye movement; SOREMPs: Sleep-onset rapid eye movement periods; SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

Volume 4 Issue 1 (2025) 15 doi: 10.36922/an.4006