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Advanced Neurology Stem cell therapy in stroke treatment: Advances and prospects

cranial blood pressure, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, models are also available for investigating the resistance
where blood accumulates in the subarachnoid space in the mechanism of stroke, and ongoing studies are exploring
brain due to the injury at cerebral aneurysm. A schematic novel interventions for the management of stroke. In
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representation of the detailed classification of stroke and addition, stem cell-based therapies are emerging as novel
its pathophysiology is described in Figure 1. Another therapeutics for managing disease severity and suppressing
type of stroke with an unknown etiology is cryptogenic disease progression. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that
stroke, which also contributes to approximately 15% of can differentiate into any other types of cells and exist in
total stroke cases. Since its exact pathophysiology is not both embryonic and adult forms. Recent studies based on
clear, it is relatively common and should receive more embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and mesenchymal cells have
attention in clinical research and among neurologists. gained high attention for their effectiveness against stroke,
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Rapidly emerging signs and symptoms of stroke highly which indicates their potential in different aspects such as
affect normal brain functions and become a leading cause cellular regeneration, proliferation, remodeling of neural
of death. Individuals suffering from chronic hypertension, circuits, and maintaining energy production by modulating
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congestive heart failure, and other diseases such as cellular functions. Nowadays, neovascularization is
hyperlipidemia and diabetes are highly susceptible to another interesting area of research, where stem cells
stroke. A significant number of stroke-related deaths promote angiogenesis in several animal models of stroke.
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are linked to a history of cardiovascular problems or This review will illustrate a comprehensive overview of
modifiable risk factors, including alcohol intake, smoking, stem cell-based therapeutic approaches, emphasizing both
ischemic cardiac attack, and genetics. The recovery established procedures and recent advancements in the
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period after suffering from stroke is divided into several methodologies, and will conclude with future perspectives
phases: hyperacute phase (within 24 h), acute phase (up on mitigating the various consequences arising from stroke.
to 7 days), early sub-acute phase (up to 3 months), late
sub-acute phase (up to 6 months), and chronic phase 2. Epidemiology
(more than 6 months). Stroke therapy mainly focuses Clinically, stroke is defined as rapid blood loss due
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on the restoration of normal blood flow and alleviation to ischemia or hemorrhages that affect population
of stroke-associated symptoms, including the removal of health, and its prevalence rate is gradually increasing
embolism and neurological damage. Numerous animal in developed countries. About 70% of stroke cases are
models have been developed to assess the effects of various reported in low-to-middle-income countries. In the
herbal, synthetic, and semisynthetic molecules on stroke, current era, stroke is considered a global burden because
with many of them already marketed. Negative animal of its continuously growing incidence, prevalence, and

Figure 1. Pathophysiology of stroke

Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025) 2 doi: 10.36922/an.5582