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Advanced Neurology Stem cell therapy in stroke treatment: Advances and prospects

mortality rates. According to the recent data, the estimated from forming the placenta to giving rise to a fully developed
number of reported annual stroke cases in India is 150 – zygote. TCs of a fertilized egg develop into both embryonic
152/100,000 individuals, with an estimated incidence of and extraembryonic tissues during early differentiation,
about 1,175,778 cases. Numerous systemic studies have giving rise to two main layers: The inner cell mass (ICM)
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been published with demographic and epidemiological and the trophectoderm. Pluripotent stem cells are another
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data, and regular updates are provided on the websites of cell type derived from the ICM, play a role in the formation
various regulatory bodies. Regulatory authorities should be of somatic cells along with three germ layers – ectoderm,
concerned regarding this serious health issue and should endoderm, and mesoderm – from which all tissues and
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implement healthcare policies and allocate resources for organs originate. Multipotent stem cells (MSCs) are
better management of stroke to reduce the global burden. 11,12 specialized cells that can differentiate into particular cell
types, but they possess lower differentiation ability than
3. Stem cells pluripotent stem cells. MSCs can give rise to many cell types
Stem cells are a group of specialized, undifferentiated cells within a single germ layer and are predominantly present
that have the potential to differentiate into any other cell in most vital organs. These cells can develop into tissues
types and play a key role in the formation of various tissues including adipose tissue, bone, cartilage, and muscle from
and organs. They are present at all stages of life, such as the mesoderm. Recently, MSCs have been differentiated
embryonic, fetal, and adult stages, where they produce into ectoderm-derived neural tissue. For example, a
differentiated cells that develop into tissues and organs. The hematopoietic stem cell can differentiate into several
ability of self-proliferation, differentiation, and the potential types of blood cells, and upon further differentiation, it
to form colonies are the most essential characteristics of may become a typical oligopotent cell. The most prevalent
stem cells. According to their capacity for differentiation, type of MSCs can give rise to bone marrow, adipose tissue,
stem cells can be divided into five categories: totipotent and bone. In addition, oligopotent stem cells can further
or omnipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, differentiate into other cell types. For example, a single
myeloid stem cell can generate only white blood cells but
and unipotent. Based on these properties, stem cells are not red blood cells (RBCs). On the other hand, unipotent
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distinguished from other cell types. For instance, ESCs stem cells (USCs) are known for their limited differentiation
originated from zygotic blastocyte cells and possess a potential and unique dividing properties. USCs can self-
high ability to self-proliferate and differentiate into tissue- renew into a single cell and generate a single lineage. They
specific cells, a characteristic lacking in the other tissues. are similar to mass stem cells, which exclusively produce
A diagram illustrating the ability of stem cells to proliferate adult muscle cells. At present, induced pluripotent stem
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extensively is shown in Figure 2. cells (iPSCs) are reprogrammed to display pluripotency
Totipotent cells (TCs) are the least identifiable cells similar to that of ESCs, which are being investigated for
involved in the development of a mammalian embryo, their potential. With this development, ethical issues

Figure 2. Stem cells regeneration

Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025) 3 doi: 10.36922/an.5582