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Advanced Neurology Exercise modulated Vitamin D and HDL in epilepsy

simulated ischemic injury – exhibited enhanced survival these factors might play important roles in mediating the
when incubated with apolipoprotein M-associated neuroprotective effects of physical activity. Specifically, the
HDL. This specific HDL subtype is known to exert regulation of lipid metabolism and Vitamin D status may
55
superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which be critical components of the brain’s adaptive response to
might support cellular repair and functional recovery. epileptic injury. Further studies are warranted to explore
Collectively, these findings suggest that HDL not only the molecular pathways through which HDL and Vitamin
supports vascular health but also plays a direct protective D exert their protective effects and to determine whether
role in the survival of the glial cells and the CNS integrity similar benefits can be replicated in human subjects with
under pathological conditions, including epilepsy. epilepsy.
5. Conclusion Acknowledgments
Our findings demonstrate that physical activity leads to None.
a notable increase in HDL and Vitamin D levels in the
bloodstream following chronic seizure induction. These Funding
outcomes suggest that exercise might play a beneficial This study was supported by the Iran University of Medical
role in enhancing systemic health after seizure attacks, Sciences (grant NO. 1400-2-21-21671).
potentially aiding recovery and reducing long-term
complications. 26 Conflict of interest
Although different signaling pathways are involved in The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
the protective effects of exercise, high levels of HDL are
known as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant factor, Author contributions
which might contribute to stabilizing neuronal membranes Conceptualization: Fariba Karimzadeh
and improving cellular resilience. Formal analysis: Maryam Jafarian
The most important pathways include the glutamate and Investigation: Gelareh Vahhabzadeh, Asal Salimi
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling pathways, Methodology: Gelareh Vahhabzadeh, Taha Ghantabpour,
which are the primary excitatory and inhibitory pathways Ali Mohammadkhanizadeh
involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. The regulatory Writing – original draft: Nooshin Ahmadirad
effects of exercise on glutamate and GABA synthesis have Writing – review & editing: Fariba Karimzadeh
been reported. 56,57 Ethics approval and consent to participate
To clarify other potential pathways involved in the
neuroprotective effects of exercise, we suggest that All animal procedures were conducted in accordance with
elevated levels of Vitamin D are associated with enhanced the ethical guidelines approved by the Research Ethics
Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
neuroprotection through modulating immune function, Iran (IR.IUMS.REC.1400.863).
reducing oxidative stress, and maintaining calcium
balance within neurons. Furthermore, our findings show Consent for publication
an increase in the average number of dark cells in both
the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex of epileptic Not applicable.
rats, consistent with previous studies indicating that these Availability of data
brain regions are highly susceptible to seizure-induced
excitotoxicity. However, exercise significantly reduces the The original contributions presented in the study are
number of dark cells, suggesting a protective effect. This included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to
neuroprotective influence might be linked to elevated the corresponding authors.
serum levels of both HDL and vitamin D.
References
Our results demonstrate that regular physical exercise
significantly modulates HDL and Vitamin D levels under 1. Cheng YW, Chiu MJ, Chen YF, Cheng TW, Lai YM, Chen TF.
The contribution of vascular risk factors in neurodegenerative
epileptic conditions and contributes to the preservation of disorders: From mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s
hippocampal neurons after seizure activity. These findings disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2020;12:91.
indicate that exercise might serve as a non-pharmacological
strategy to mitigate seizure-induced neuronal damage. doi: 10.1186/s13195-020-00658-7
The increase in HDL and Vitamin D levels suggests that 2. Vancini RL, De Lira CAB, Scorza FA, et al. Cardiorespiratory

Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025) 84 doi: 10.36922/an.8347