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Brain & Heart Oxidative stress and neurological disorders

stem cell requires a neurosurgical procedure along with vivo studies have reported that amyloid β accumulation
a series of immunosuppression sessions. Allografts also promotes ROS production and induces oxidative
carry the risk of infection and malignancy. 110 stress. 115-118 Mitochondrial dysfunctioning is considered
the primary cause of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis,
119
8.3. Alzheimer’s disease leading to a cascade of metabolic events such as altered
120
Alzheimer’s disease stands as the leading cause of expression and functioning of APP, decreased
121
neurodegeneration, affecting 4% of individuals above mitochondrial transmembrane potential, reduced
65 years of age. It is a progressive neurodegenerative activity of the sodium-potassium pump, and disruption
122
disorder with deadly consequences. The pathological of calcium and glutamate transportation. As human life
111
hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease include amyloid expectancy increases, the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease
plaques (abnormal clumps), neurofibrillary or tau becomes more complex. Consequently, there is an urgent
tangles (tangled bundles of fibers), and loss of neuronal need for solutions to address this emerging problem. Given
connections. These abnormal physiological and that Alzheimer’s disease involves a number of intricate
112
morphological changes in the brain result in memory metabolic pathways, oxidative stress and its effects on
loss, impaired reasoning or judgment, and issues in neurons are considered the central mechanism underlying
vision or spatial perception. 113 its physiological manifestations. 123

8.3.1. Oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease 8.3.2. Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Increased oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease patients The current treatment strategies primarily focus on
results in various clinical manifestations, including inhibiting disease progression, as radical cures or
impairment in brain transition metal homeostasis, disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer’s disease
activation and overexpression of oxidases such as MAO, and are still undergoing extensive research by researchers.
124
mitochondrial dysfunctioning. Numerous in vitro and in Treatment approaches for Alzheimer’s disease involve
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Table 2. Clinical trials investigating polyphenols as a medication for neurological disorders

Trial ID Phase Condition Intervention Results References
NCT01982578 Phase II 32 prodromal Alzheimer’s Oral supplementation of Genistein may have a therapeutic role in 131
patients (amyloid-positive 120 mg of genistein for delaying the onset of Alzheimer’s disease with
cognitive impairment) 12 months mild cognitive impairment
NCT00599508 Preliminary 21 patients with age-related A daily dose of 148 g of An increase in activation in the left lobe of 132
clinical trial cognitive impairment blueberry powder for 16 the pre-central and pre-frontal gyrus during
weeks. working memory load conditions, but
there is no clear enhancement of working
memory
NCT04685590 Phase 2 Five patients with Daily dosage of 100 mg of The central nervous system drug penetrance 133
early-onset Alzheimer’s dasatinib and 1000 mg of in Alzheimer’s patients remains unknown
disease. quercetin for 12 consecutive
weeks
NCT01669317 NA 10 patients with chronic Daily dosage of 240 ml of tart The tart cherry juice is effective in the 134
insomnia cherry juice for 14 weeks treatment of insomnia. It is an active
ingredient in the reduction of plasma
kynurenine and tryptophan enhancement
NCT03419039 Phase 2 206 patients with mild 80 mg tablets of There was no significant difference in 135
cognitive impairment anthocyanins twice a day for dementia in the treated group
24 weeks
NCT00799890 Phase 2 31 patients with multiple Daily dosage of 1200 mg of Orally applied EGCG decreased the T-cell 136
sclerosis oral EGCG for 36 months proliferation, suppression of NF-κB and
inhibited the neuronal cell death
NCT02660112 Phase 2 10 patients with A daily dosage of 150 mg per Improvement in neuronal functioning was 137
Friedreich’s ataxia day of epicatechin provided measured using Friedreich’s Ataxia Rating
orally for 24 weeks Scale, as epicatechin helps in mitochondrial
biogenesis
Abbreviation: NA: Not available; EGCG: Epigallocatechin gallate.

Volume 2 Issue 2 (2024) 10 doi: 10.36922/bh.2704