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Eurasian Journal of
Medicine and Oncology Role of common CXC chemokines in NAFLD

Table 1. Studies on the regulation of CXC chemokines in NAFLD
Disease models Conditioning factor CXC Effect References
chemokines
Acute-on-chronic liver Adeno-associated virus CXCL1 Increasing neutrophil recruitment 31
failure mouse model
NAFLD model of male Kupffer cells CXCL2 Promoting inflammatory responses 46
CXCL10
Murine model of NASH Emricasan CXCL2 Inhibiting hepatocytes apoptosis/ 47
suppressing liver and fibrosis
Mice submitted to CCL4 PPAR-γ CXCL2 Anti-inflammatory/anti-fibrogenic 48
NASH model of human P38α CXCL2 Promoting inflammatory responses 49
liver tissues and mice CXCL10
NASH model of mice Macrophage (Th1, M1) CXCL10 Promoting inflammatory responses 69
NAFLD model of mice FABP4 CXCL10 Promoting inflammatory responses 71
Abbreviations: CCL4: CC motif chemokine ligand 4; FABP4: Fatty acid binding protein 4; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;
NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; PPAR-γ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma necrosis factor gamma.

Table 2. Therapeutic effects and targets of action of certain CXC chemokines
Research targets Targets of action Effects
Resmetirom 74 Thyroid hormone receptor beta-selective agonist • Anti‑inflammatory
• Anti‑fibrotic
Hepatocyte growth factor 82 Macrophage, CXCL1 • Anti‑inflammatory
• Anti‑fibrotic
Zaluzanic C 84 ROS, CXCL2 • Antioxidant
• Anti‑inflammatory
Mixed spectrum kinase 385 STAT1, CXCL10 • Anti‑inflammatory
Rilpivirine 89 CXCL10 • Anti‑inflammatory
Valine and isoleucine 81 KC/CXCL1, MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-2/CXCL2 • Anti‑inflammatory
Liraglutide 75 GLP-1 • Anti‑inflammatory
Semaglutide 76 • Alleviation of insulin resistance
• Improvement of lipid metabolism
Pegozafermin 77 FGF21 • Improvement of lipid metabolism
• Anti‑fibrotic
Fucoidan and fucoxanthin 78 Adiponectin-adipoR1/2 and SIRI-PGC-1 • Anti‑inflammatory
• Improvement of lipid metabolism
• Alleviation of insulin resistance
Saroglitazar 79 PPAR • Improvement of lipid metabolism
• Alleviation of insulin resistance
Cenicriviroc 80 CCR2/CCR5 • Anti‑inflammatory
• Anti‑fibrotic
Abbreviations: CCL2: CC motif ligand 2; FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor 21; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1; KC: Kupffer cell; MCP-1: Monocyte
chemoattractant protein-1; MIP-2: Macrophage inflammatory protein 2; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor; ROS: Reactive oxygen
species.

5. Pharmacological treatment of NAFLD been observed to attenuate the progression of NAFLD
and therapeutic prospects for targeting in experiments, and natural products and drugs that
CXC chemokines target CXC chemokines to attenuate NAFLD (Table 2).
Resmetirom, a liver-targeted, thyroid hormone receptor
Since there is a lack of drugs formally approved by the Food beta receptor-selective agonist, demonstrated significant
and Drug Administration for the treatment of NAFLD, we effects in the reversal of NASH and antifibrosis in a
summarize some of the drugs, natural products that have randomized, controlled Phase 3 study. Liraglutide and
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Volume 9 Issue 3 (2025) 25 doi: 10.36922/ejmo.8383