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Global Health Econ Sustain Musicians and COVID-19 in Brazil

the questionnaire. They were also informed that all and socially constructed concept, which inserts
information is treated confidential to ensure anonymity. disadvantages for the black population.
The first question of the survey refers to granting consent • Number of residents in the household
to complete the questionnaire. • Education level (schooling) (“What is your education
The research instrument was developed using the level?”): Incomplete high school, incomplete
RedCap application (Research Electronic Data Capture). undergraduate course, complete undergraduate, and
RedCap is an online data collection and management graduate course
platform. The information is stored on the server of the • Family monthly income per capita in minimum wages
Medical Science School of the State University of Campinas (MW) (“Before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic,
(FCM/UNICAMP). what was your household’s total monthly income?”; the
total household income was divided by the number of
A number of at least 390 respondent musicians were residents): Up to half MW, half to 1 MW, 1 – 2 MW,
considered necessary in the research. This number 2 – 4 MW, and 4 or more
considers a proportion of 0.50, with the maximum • Loss of income due to the pandemic (Question 1.
variability of the sample, a 95% confidence interval “Before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which
(z=1.96), and a sampling error of 5% points. The survey was the average of his monthly income in the field of
was conducted using a snowball sampling to ensure that music?”; Question 2. “During the COVID-19 pandemic,
the sample obtained was not probabilistic. Each of the five which was the average of his monthly income in the
people on the research team distributed the questionnaire field of music?”; the loss of income was determined
to at least 20 musicians from their network, and they were by subtracting the amount in Question 2 from that in
asked to send it to other musicians from their network. In Question 1)
total, 480 interviews were conducted with musicians who • Which part of the musician’s total income comes from
were living in Brazil during the study period. musical activities (“How much, on average, does work

The 20 people contacted by the research team were with music represent on your income?”)
systematically recruited to ensure the participation of • Providers of income (“You are the main provider of
musicians from different age groups and regions of the your residence?”)
country, which were divided into two categories: (i) North • Social security (“Are you a public or private pension
and North-east regions, and ii) South, South-east, and contributor?”)
Midwest regions. The age groups for this stratification are • Activities developed by musicians (“Before the onset
18 – 39 years old, 40 – 59 years old, and 60 years old or of the COVID-19 pandemic, which were your work
more. According to the 2010 census, the population of the activities? Multiple answers are allowed.”)
North and North-east regions, together, represents 31.4% • Musician’s working environments (“Before the onset
of the total population of Brazil, while the population of of the COVID-19 pandemic, which were your work
the South, South-east, and Midwest regions accounts for environments? Multiple answers are allowed.”)
68.6% of the total population. • Employment relationship
• Intensity of contact restriction with people (“During
The inclusion criteria of this study are as follows: Anyone the COVID-19 pandemic, what intensity of contact
considered to be a musician, aged 18 and older, who was restriction with people have you dealt with?”)
living in Brazil during the pandemic. The exclusion criteria • Influence of the pandemic on occupation (“How has
are as follows: People below the age of 18 years, who do the pandemic affected your occupation/work?”)
not consider themselves musicians, and who did not have • Technology before the pandemic (before and during)
access to the internet to complete the questionnaire.
(“Have you already used the digital technologies of
2.2. Variables information and communication before the COVID-19
pandemic?”; “During the pandemic, with the cancellation
The variables used in the present study are as follows: of face-to-face activities, did you make use of digital
• Sex/gender technologies to guarantee your work with music?”)
• Age • Emotional health (feeling sad, worried or nervous, and
• Race/skin color: We studied the variable race or sleep quality) (“Has the pandemic affected the quality
skin color according to the classification of Instituto of your sleep?”; “During the pandemic, how often did
Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2018). In you feel sad, downcast, or depressed?”; “During the
Brazil, racial aspects have been studied as skin color, pandemic, how often did you feel worried, anxious, or
but not from a biological perspective, but a historically nervous?”).

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2023) 3 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.0434