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Global Health Econ Sustain

REVIEW ARTICLE
“Liberal tide” and migratory patterns in Latin

America

Giovanna Campani*
Department of Education, Language, Intercultural Studies and Psychology, School of Humanities,
Via Laura 48, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

Abstract
South-South migration constitutes 40% of international migration flows, with
Southern countries receiving three-quarters of the world’s total refugees. Despite
this, research efforts have mainly focused on South-North migration, partly filling
the gap only recently. We found that the migration patterns in Latin America, at
the turn of the century, doubled, growing from 7 million immigrants in 1990 to
nearly 15 million in 2020. Of particular interest is the Latin American approach to
migration, which has embraced, since 2000, strong narrative based on human rights
principles that prevails in discourses, policies, and laws. Key aspects of this approach
include recognizing migration as a human right, refraining from criminalizing
Academic editor: irregular migration, and ensuring equal protection of social rights. This approach
Mihajlo Jakovljevic M.D. Ph.D. MAE has been defined as the “liberal tide.” The paper illustrates the link between the
*Corresponding author: “liberal tide” and the “pink tide” (left-wing governments). However, the choice of
Giovanna Campani human rights-based liberal migratory policies may also be embedded in the specific
(giovanna.campani@unifi.it) migratory patterns of the region. In the late 20 century, the status of Latin America
th
Citation: Campani, G. 2023, has transformed from a destination for immigrants originating from Europe, Asia,
“Liberal tide” and migratory patterns and the Middle East to a region of significant source of migrants engaging in both
in Latin America. Global Health interregional migration and transoceanic migration (including Europe and Japan).
Econ Sustai, 1(1): 0861.
https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.0861 This two-sided migration experience has likely exerted a notable influence on the
formulation of liberal policies.
Received: April 26, 2023
Accepted: July 24, 2023
Keywords: Migration; Latin America; Human rights; Liberalism; Irregular migration;
Published Online: September 19, Security; Global South
2023
Copyright: © 2023 Author(s).
This is an Open Access article
distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution 1. Introduction
License, permitting distribution,
and reproduction in any medium, Starting from the late 1980s to the early 1990s, scholars have considered migration
provided the original work is as a global issue. Virtually every nation on Earth is involved in migration to varying
properly cited. degrees, either as a source of immigrants, a recipient of migrants, or both. A present,
Publisher’s Note: AccScience the global estimate indicates that there are approximately 281 million international
Publishing remains neutral with migrants in the world (2020 data), which equates to 3.6% of the world population
regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional (IOM, 2022). The impact of migration on both sending and receiving societies spans
affiliations. political, economic, legal, cultural, and even religious domains. Migration corresponds

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2023) 1 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.0861