Page 105 - GHES-3-1

Global Health Economics and
Sustainability
Maternal health-care service utilization

Table 4. Determinants of MHCS utilization among the EAG states of India
Variables ANC SBA PNC
2005 – 2015 – 2019 – 2005 – 2015 – 2019 – 2005 – 2015 – 2019 –
2006 2016 2021 2006 2016 2021 2006 2016 2021
Coef. Coef. Coef. Coef. Coef. Coef. Coef. Coef. Coef.
Sector: Ref-Urban
Rural 0.69*** 1 .00 0.86 0.54*** 1.01 0.78 0.93 1.16 0.56**
Age group: Ref-15 – 24 years
25 – 34 years 0.94 0.9 1.05 0.85** 0.85* 0.76 0.98 0.97 1.07
35 – 49 years 0.84* 0.85 1.21 0.99 0.75** 0.71 0.94 0.88 1.01
Women’s education: Ref-Illiterate
Primary 1.53*** 1.31*** 1.24 1.44*** 1.29** 1.28 0.91 1.14 0.66
Secondary 2.12*** 1.6*** 1.47** 2.2*** 1.73*** 2.45*** 1.18 1.24** 0.8
Higher 4.15*** 2.03*** 1.44** 6.02*** 3.34*** 2.09*** 1.29 1.97*** 0.93
Partner’s education: Ref-Illiterate
Primary 1.19** 1.12 1.14 1.34*** 1.13 1.18 1.02 1.15 1.34
Secondary 1.22** 1.18* 1.24 1.18** 1.41*** 1.49** 0.98 1.23** 1.08
Higher 1.17 1.47** 1.5** 1.41** 1.22 3.05*** 1.07 1.07 1.05
Religion: Ref-Hindu
Muslim 0.72*** 1.08 0.82 0.66*** 0.57*** 0.64* 0.97 0.88 1.23
Others 0.5*** 0.5*** 0.5*** 0.64*** 0.57*** 0.26*** 0.97 0.72*** 1.66**
Caste: Ref-ST
SC 0.59*** 0.9 1.03 0.44*** 0.45*** 0.64* 0.78* 0.78** 0.8
OBC 1.27*** 0.95 1.12 1.16* 0.9 1.01 1.04 0.96 1.25
Others 0.9 1.06 1.11 1.01 0.81 0.79 1.79** 1.13 1.12
Wealth index: Ref-Poorest
Poorer 1.49*** 1.63*** 1.51*** 1.49*** 1.65*** 2.15*** 1.13 1.37*** 0.92***
Middle 2.35*** 2.49*** 2.15*** 2.38*** 2.36*** 3.94*** 1.3* 1.82*** 0.83***
Richer 3.32*** 3.07*** 2.76*** 3.53*** 4.55*** 6.42*** 1.57*** 2.37*** 0.8***
Richest 6.67*** 3.45*** 3.38*** 9.36*** 11*** 10.28*** 1.61*** 3.68*** 0.7***
MME: Low degree
High degree 1.58*** 1.24* 1.37*** 1.44*** 1.22 1.68*** 0.86 1.4** 0.77
Women’s autonomy: Ref-Low degree autonomy
High degree 1.17** 1.21*** 0.93 1.08 0.98 0.89 1.03 1.1 1.28*
State: Ref-Chhattisgarh
Uttarakhand 0.48*** 0.15*** 0.45* 0.26*** 0.24*** 0.08*** 0.81 0.34*** 1.22
Rajasthan 0.29*** 0.42*** 0.44*** 0.49*** 1.91*** 0.67 0.74 0.81 1.5
Uttar Pradesh 0.11*** 0.19*** 0.28*** 0.19*** 0.56*** 0.4*** 0.48*** 0.73*** 0.64***
Bihar 0.12*** 0.1*** 0.17*** 0.29*** 0.68** 0.29*** 0.35** 0.53*** 1.46
Jharkhand 0.27*** 0.29*** 0.31*** 0.26*** 0.75** 0.49** 0.72 0.72** 1.54
Odisha 0.95 2.2*** 1.42 0.71 2.62*** 1.33 0.99 3.05*** 1.39
Madhya Pradesh 0.39*** 0.37*** 0.67* 0.48*** 1.3** 0.89 0.75** 0.61*** 1.33
Constant 0.38*** 0.62*** 1.31 0.44*** 1.82*** 9.05*** 0.62*** 1.27 2.69**
Note: *,** and *** Indicate 1%, 5%, and 10% levels of significance, respectively.
Source: Authors’ estimation based on NFHS data from various rounds.
Abbreviations: ANC4+: Antenatal care; Coef: Coefficient of explanatory variables; PNC: Postnatal care; SBA: Skilled birth assistance; SC: Scheduled
Caste; ST: Scheduled Tribe; OBC: Other backward class; MHCS: Maternal health-care service; EAG: Empowered action group.

Volume 3 Issue 1 (2025) 97 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.3324