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Global Health Economics and
Sustainability
COVID-19 changed our world

the outbreak: SARS-CoV-2 genetic pre-dispositions were effects of the pandemic on discrete aspects of human life
found in untreated water infected by coronaviruses and and global systems. This pioneering review contributes
untreated sewage from insufficient wastewater treatment significantly to the extant literature by integrating such
plants released into aquatic bodies (Chen et al., 2021). wide-ranging effects into a single analysis. In so doing, it
The effects of natural contributors such as seawater and offers a broad yet insightful perspective on the widespread
desert dust over Italy, Greece, and the entire eastern consequences of the pandemic.
Mediterranean region is one reason why the levels of PM Despite its comprehensive approach, the review
<10 µm did not drop as much as NO and other gaseous admits to limitations resulting from its broad scope.
2
pollutants. Thus, researchers have indicated the need for Our attempts to address such a wide array of domains
more thorough research of the causes of the decline in PM in a single article restricted the depth of the analysis
<10 µm (Conte et al., 2020).
that could be accomplished for each area. This extensive
4.7.2. Impact of COVID-19 on aerosols coverage necessitated a balance between breadth and
detailed exploration and could have resulted in gaps,
Diverse aerosols were employed to disinfect streets, oversimplifications, or a less detailed treatment of some
buildings, and homes to combat SARS-CoV-2. However, domains. The inherent challenges of incorporating a vast
the frequent use of such disinfectants can eliminate span of impact in a single study underscore the difficulties
beneficial organisms and disrupt ecological balance (Elsaid
et al., 2021). Aerosol levels in the midpeninsula region of of comprehensively capturing the intricate and nuanced
India improved despite nationwide lockdowns, compared effects of COVID-19. Thus, our review delivers a valuable
to quantities noted before the lockdown. A significant overview but could benefit if more focused and in-depth
increase was noted in aerosol loading in 2020: Aerosol studies are conducted in the future to complement and
optical depth (AOD) anomalies were predominantly enhance the knowledge of the effects of COVID-19 on
positive even though some regions exhibited slight specific domains.
negative anomalies. Notably, AOD levels declined in 6. Conclusion
northern and southern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
during the lockdowns compared to climatology, whereas The COVID-19 pandemic imposed devastating effects
positive anomalies persisted in the midpeninsula region on nearly every aspect of human life. This respiratory
(Pandey & Vinoj, 2021). The COVID-19 pandemic was infection overwhelmed healthcare systems worldwide
a critical historical event because it profoundly impacted and caused significant economic disruption. It affected
human health as well as the financial, economic, social, industries such as tourism, hospitality, and retail. It
educational, and environmental aspects of human also impacted education, increased loneliness, and
existence. Despite the vaccine rollouts, ongoing debates foregrounded gaps in global governance. The pandemic
persist about the potential of future COVID-19 outbreaks accelerated digital adoption and technology use but exerted
(Murray et al., 2022). This situation underscores the need to mixed environmental effects. It reduced air pollution but
continuously monitor the perceptions and awareness levels increased plastic waste from PPEs. The repercussions of
of populations. A pressing need also exists for enhanced COVID-19 were profound: they affected health, financial
communication strategies and institutional endeavors to stability, social interactions, and other facets. Despite
effectively address such issues (Genovese et al., 2022). widespread vaccinations, debates continue about the long-
term impact of this disease and the preparedness of human
5. Strengths and weaknesses of this review societies for future global health crises.
We record several strengths and weaknesses of the Acknowledgments
current state-of-the-art review that must be considered in
evaluating its quality and comprehensiveness. The authors express their sincere gratitude to the
The strengths of our review include our detailed Department of Zoology at Cluster University Srinagar
examination of the structure and genome of COVID- and the Institute of Human Genetics at the University
19, which accords essential insights into the infectious of Jammu for their invaluable support and resources
mechanisms and vulnerabilities of the virus. Notably, the during the completion of this review. Their guidance
review encompasses the impact of COVID-19 on seven and contributions were instrumental to the successful
diverse domains of human existence: Mental health, society, completion of this study.
education, business, travel and tourism, financial health, Funding
and the environment. This extensive scope enabled us to
deliver a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted None.

Volume 3 Issue 1 (2025) 53 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.3992